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The problem of freedom always worried artists of the word. Exactly Liberty was attractive to romantic heroes. For her sake, they were ready to die. After all, romanticism as a literary movement formed a quite definite canon: an exceptional personality, making exceptional demands on the world. Therefore, the hero is an order of magnitude higher than the people around him, so he rejects society as such. This also determines the typical loneliness of the hero: for him this is a natural state, and the hero finds an outlet only in communication with nature, and more often with the elements.

Maxim Gorky in his early works refers to traditions of romanticism, but in the context of the twentieth century, his work receives the definition neo-romantic.

The first romantic story appeared in print in 1892 "Makar Chudra", in which an old gypsy appears in front of the reader surrounded by a romantic landscape: he is enveloped in "Haze of autumn night", opening the endless steppe on the left and the endless sea on the right. The writer gives him the opportunity to talk about himself, about his views, and the story of Loiko Zobar and Radda, told by the old shepherd, becomes the main means of disclosure the image of the protagonist, because the story is named after him.

Telling about Rudd and Loiko, Chudra speaks more about himself. At the heart of his character is the only beginning, which he considers the most valuable - the maximum striving for freedom... For heroes, will is also the most precious thing in the world. In Rudda, the manifestation of pride is so strong that even love for Loiko Zobar cannot break it: “I have never loved anyone, Loiko, but I love you. And I also love freedom! Will, Loiko, I love more than you ".

Such an insoluble contradiction between love and pride in a romantic character is perceived by Makar Chudra as absolutely natural, and it can only be resolved by death: a romantic hero cannot sacrifice either his boundless love or absolute pride. But love implies humility, self-sacrifice and the ability to submit to a loved one. And this is precisely what the heroes of the legend told by Chudra cannot do.

What assessment does Makar Chudra give to this position? He believes that this is the only way a real person who is worthy of imitation should understand life, and only with such a position can personal freedom be preserved.

But does the author agree with his hero? What is the author's position and what are the means of expressing it? To answer this question, it is necessary to note an important compositional feature of Gorky's early works - the presence narrator image... At first glance, this is an imperceptible image, because it does not manifest itself in any actions. But it is the position of this person, a wanderer who meets different people on his way, that is especially important for the writer himself.

In almost all early romantic works of Maxim Gorky, both negative consciousness, distorting the real picture of life, and positive, filling life with higher meaning and content will be embodied. And the gaze of the autobiographical hero seems to capture the most striking characters, such as Makar Chudra.

And let him rather skeptically listen to the objections of the hero-narrator, but it is the ending that puts all the dots on the “i” in the position of the author. When the narrator, looking into the darkness of the endless steppe, sees how the gypsies Loiko Zobar and Radda "Circled in the darkness of the night smoothly and silently", and no way "Handsome Loiko could not catch up with proud Radda", he also reveals his position. Yes, there is admiration in these words, but the thinking reader realizes the futility of such a bloody outcome: even after Loiko's death, he cannot become on a par with the beautiful Radda.

In accordance with the best traditions of romanticism, Maxim Gorky used many means of expression in his story. Describing the main characters, he uses hyperbole: the beauty of Radda can only be played on the violin, and Loiko's mustache fell on his shoulders and mixed with curls. To convey the features of speech, especially the old Chudra, he introduces addresses, interjections, rhetorical exclamations.

The landscape plays a significant role, but not simple, but animated, where Makar controls the waves, and the sea sings a gloomy, but at the same time solemn hymn to a pair of proud handsome gypsies.

The story "Chelkash" refers to the early romantic works of M. Gorky. He is included in the cycle of the so-called stories about tramps. The writer has always been interested in this "class" of people that emerged in Russia in the late 19th - early 20th centuries.
Gorky considered tramps to be an interesting "human material", as it were, outside of society. He saw in them a kind of embodiment of his ideals of man: "I saw that although they live worse than" ordinary people ", they feel and realize themselves better than them, and this is because they are not greedy, do not strangle each other, do not save money" ...
At the center of the narrative of the story (1895) are two heroes opposed to each other. One is Grishka Chelkash, "an old poisoned wolf, well known to the Havana people, an inveterate drunkard and a clever, brave thief." This is already a mature person, a bright and extraordinary nature. Even in a crowd of tramps like him, Chelkash stood out for his predatory strength and integrity. No wonder Gorky compares him to a hawk: "he immediately drew attention to himself by his resemblance to a steppe hawk, his predatory thinness and this aiming gait, smooth and calm in appearance, but internally excited and vigilant, like the years of that bird of prey, which he resembled" ...
In the course of the development of the plot, we learn that Chelkash lives by robbing ships and then selling his booty. Such activities and lifestyle are quite suitable for this hero. They satisfy his need for a sense of freedom, risk, unity with nature, a sense of his own strength and unlimited personal possibilities.
Chelkash is a hero from the village. He is the same peasant as the other hero of the story - Gavrila. But how different these people are! Gavrila is young, physically strong, but weak in spirit, pitiful. We see how Chelkash struggles with contempt for this "young heifer" who dreams of a prosperous and well-fed life in the village, and even advises Grigory how to "better fit" in life.
It becomes clear that these completely different people will never find a common language. Although they have the same roots, their nature, nature is completely different. Against the background of the cowardly and weak Gavrila, the figure of Chelkash looms with all his might. This contrast is especially clearly expressed at the moment when the heroes "went to work" - Grigory took Gavrila with him, giving him the opportunity to earn money.
Chelkash loved the sea and was not afraid of it: “On the sea, a wide, warm feeling always rose in it, - embracing his whole soul, it slightly cleansed it of everyday filth. He appreciated this and loved to see himself as the best here, in the midst of water and air, where thoughts about life and life itself always lose - the first - the sharpness, the second - the price. "
This hero was fascinated by the sight of the majestic element, "endless and mighty." The sea and the clouds intertwined into one whole, inspiring Chelkash with its beauty, "arousing" high desires in him.
The sea evokes completely different feelings in Gavrila. He sees it as a black, heavy mass, hostile, carrying mortal danger. The only feeling that the sea evokes in Gavrila is fear: "There is only fear in it."
The behavior of these heroes at sea is also different. In the boat, Chelkash sat upright, calmly and confidently looked at the water surface, forward, communicating with this element on an equal footing: "Sitting on the stern, he cut the water with the steering wheel and looked forward calmly, full of desire to go long and far along this velvet surface." Gavrila is crushed by the sea element, she bends him, makes him feel insignificant, a slave: "... embraced Gavrila's chest with a strong hug, squeezed him into a timid lump and chained him to the boat bench ..."
Having overcome many dangers, the heroes safely return to the shore. Chelkash sold the loot and received the money. It is at this moment that the true natures of the heroes manifest themselves. It turns out that Chelkash wanted to give Gavrila more than he promised: this guy touched him with his story, stories about the village.
It should be noted that Chelkash's attitude to Gavrila was not unambiguous. The "young heifer" irritated Grigory, he felt the "alienness" of Gavrila, did not accept his philosophy of life, his values. But, nevertheless, grumbling and cursing at this person, Chelkash did not allow himself meanness or meanness towards him.
Gavrila, this gentle, kind and naive person, turned out to be completely different. He confesses to Grigory that he wanted to kill him during their trip in order to get himself all the spoils. Later, not daring to do this, Gavrila begs Chelkash to give him all the money - with such wealth he will live happily ever after in the village. For this, the hero lies at the feet of Chelkash, humiliates himself, forgetting about his human dignity. For Gregory, such behavior causes only disgust and disgust. And as a result, when the situation changes several times (Chelkash, having learned new details, either gives or does not give Gavrila money, a serious fight ensues between the heroes, and so on), Gavrila receives money. He asks for forgiveness from Chelkash, but does not receive it: Gregory's contempt for this wretched creature is too great.
It is no coincidence that a thief and a tramp becomes a positive hero of the story. Thus, Gorky emphasizes that Russian society does not allow its rich human potential to unfold. He is only satisfied with the Gavrils with their slavish psychology and average capabilities. Extraordinary people striving for freedom, flight of thought, spirit and soul have no place in such a society. Therefore, they are forced to become tramps, outcasts. The author emphasizes that this is not only a personal tragedy of tramps, but also a tragedy of society, which is deprived of its rich potential, its best strength.

The work "Old Woman Izergil" was written by Maxim Gorky in 1895. The story belongs to the early works written by Gorky. "Old Woman Izergil" is one of Gorky's works, filled with the spirit of romanticism. After all, Gorky is rightfully considered the first to introduce romanticism into Russian literature. Romantic works occupy a huge place in the writer's work. The composition of the story "Old Woman Izergil" is unusual. Gorky himself said that "The Old Woman Izergil" is one of the works that was built at the highest level, he considered it one of his best works. The composition is such that Gorky writes a story in a story, or rather, three stories in a story. The work consists of three parts: the legend of Larra, the life of the “old woman Izergil” and the legend of Danko. All three stories are different, but they have something in common, and this in common is that Gorky, through the means of these "three stories", is looking for an answer to the question "about the meaning of life."
The first part is the legend of Larra. The main character, which is a young man, the son of an eagle and an ordinary woman. He is proud, freedom-loving, impudent, selfish, and he paid for these qualities. Considering himself the best, regardless of the opinions of other people, he could not easily get along in society and therefore commits such a daring act as killing the daughter of one of the elders. For this he received his punishment, the most terrible for any person, this is expulsion from society and immortality in solitude. People call him Larra, which means outcast. At first, Larra likes this outcome of events, since he was a freedom-loving person, but after a certain amount of time has passed, the main character understands the meaning of life, but already too late he bears the well-deserved punishment. He remained immortal and lonely, time drained him and turned him into a shadow that reminded people of his existence.
The second part is autobiographical. The old woman Izergil talks about her life. From her story, we learn that she had many men, and she loved everyone, as it seemed to her for real. Her life was full of travel, she visited many parts of the country and even beyond. She played on the feelings of people, but at the same time had pride, which was in her first place. If she loved, she loved with all her heart, and no obstacles on her path to happiness could prevent her (murder of the sentry at the post), and if she abandoned, then she abandoned it completely, irrevocably and irrevocably. Just like in the legend of Larra, Gorky is trying to show us what is in common that unites these stories. This is the meaning of life. The old woman reflects on fate, saying at the same time: “What is fate here? Everyone is his own destiny! " She realizes the meaning of life, this is not wandering around the world in search of her love, but a calm quiet life in some village with her husband and children.
And finally, the third part is the legend of Danko. The protagonist of the legend is the romantic hero Danko. He was handsome, courageous, strong, a real leader, able to lead the people, freedom-loving and disinterested. Danko is one of those people who are always brave, he decides to help his people, he leads them in order to lead people out of the dense forest. The road was not easy, and when the whole people rebelled against Danko, he tore his heart out of his chest in order to illuminate the road for people and give people kindness and warmth emanating from a heart burning with love. But as soon as people reached the desired goal, no one even remembered the dying Danko, who loved the people so much and did everything to make the people feel good. Sparks, burning in the night of the steppe expanse, reminded people of the glorious disinterested hero Danko, who saw his meaning in life in helping people.
Romanticism in the works of Gorky occupies a central position. The work "old woman Izergil" is one of the assets of this trend in the literature of the late 19th century. Gorky fully reveals his idea of ​​the meaning of life. It shows three points of view, thereby giving the reader a question to think about "what is the meaning of life?"

Masha

In 1926, Nabokov's first prose work, the novel Mashenka, was published. On this occasion, the magazine "Niva" wrote: "Nabokov, himself and his fate in different variations, having fun, tirelessly embroiders on the canvas of his works. But not only his own, although hardly anyone interested Nabokov more than himself. It is also the fate of a whole human type - the Russian intellectual-emigrant. " Indeed, for Nabokov, life in a foreign land was still quite difficult. The past became a consolation, in which there were bright feelings, love, a completely different world. Therefore, the novel is based on memories. There is no plot as such, the content unfolds like a stream of consciousness: the dialogues of the characters, the internal monologues of the protagonist, descriptions of the scene are interspersed.

The main character of the novel, Lev Glebovich Ganin, having found himself in exile, has lost some of the most important personality traits. He lives in a boarding house, which he does not need and is not interesting, its inhabitants seem pathetic to Ganin, and he himself, like other emigrants, is not needed by anyone. Ganin yearns, sometimes he cannot decide what to do: "whether to change the position of the body, whether to get up to go and wash his hands, whether to open the window ...". "Twilight obsession" - this is the definition that the author gives to the state of his hero. Although the novel belongs to the early period of Nabokov's work and is perhaps the most "classic" of all the works he created, the writer’s play with the reader is present here as well. It is unclear what is the root cause: whether emotional experiences deform the external world, or, on the contrary, ugly reality deadens the soul. There is a feeling that the writer has put two crooked mirrors in front of each other, the images in which are refracted ugly, doubling and tripling.
The novel "Mashenka" is built as a memory of the hero of his former life in Russia, cut short by the revolution and the Civil War; the narration is from a third person. There was one important event in Ganin's life before emigration - his love for Mashenka, who remained at home and was lost with her. But quite unexpectedly, Ganin recognizes in the woman depicted in the photo, the wife of a neighbor in the Berlin boarding house, Alferov, his Mashenka. Ganin's heavy melancholy passes, his soul is filled with memories of the past: a room in a Petersburg house, a country estate, three poplars, a barn with a painted window, even the flickering of the spokes of a bicycle wheel. Ganin again seems to be immersed in the world of Russia, preserving the poetry of "noble nests" and the warmth of family relations. Many events happened, and the author selects the most significant ones. Ganin perceives the image of Mashenka as "a sign, a call, a question thrown into the sky," and to this question he suddenly receives a "semi-precious, delightful answer." Meeting Mashenka should be a miracle, a return to the world in which Ganin could only be happy. Having done everything to prevent his neighbor from meeting his wife, Ganin ends up at the station. At the moment of the stop of the train on which she arrived, he feels that this meeting is impossible. And he leaves for another station to leave the city.

It would seem that the novel assumes the situation of a love triangle, and the development of the plot pushes for this. But Nabokov rejects the traditional ending. The deep feelings of Ganin are much more important for him than the nuances of the heroes' relationships. Ganin's refusal to meet with his beloved has not a psychological, but rather a philosophical motivation. He understands that the meeting is unnecessary, even impossible, not because it entails inevitable psychological problems, but because time cannot be turned back. This could lead to submission to the past and, consequently, the abandonment of oneself, which is generally impossible for Nabokov's heroes.

In the novel Mashenka, Nabokov for the first time turns to themes that will then appear repeatedly in his work. This is the theme of the lost Russia, serving as an image of the lost paradise and the happiness of youth, the theme of remembrance, at the same time opposing the all-destroying time and failing in this futile struggle.

The image of the main character, Ganin, is very typical of V. Nabokov's work. In his works, unsettled, "lost" emigrants appear all the time. The dusty boarding house is unpleasant for Ganin, because it will never replace his homeland. Those living in the boarding house - Ganin, the teacher of mathematics Alferov, the old Russian poet Podtyagin, Klara, the laughing dancers - are united by their uselessness, some kind of disconnection from life. The question arises: why do they live? Ganin acts in films selling his shadow. Is it worth living to “get up and go to the print shop every morning,” as Clara does? Or “to look for an engagement,” as dancers are looking for? To humiliate himself, beg for a visa, explaining himself in bad German, how is Podtyagin forced to do this? None of them have a purpose that would justify this miserable existence. All of them do not think about the future, do not strive to get settled, to improve their lives, living on this day. Both the past and the prospective future remained in Russia. But to admit it to yourself is to tell yourself the truth about yourself. After that, you need to draw some conclusions, but then how to live, how to fill boring days? And life is filled with petty passions, romances, vanity. “Podtyagin went into the room of the hostess of the boarding house, stroking a black affectionate dachshund, pinching her ears, a wart on a gray muzzle and talking about his old man's painful illness and that he had been busy for a long time about a visa to Paris, where pins and red wine were very cheap ".

Ganin's connection with Lyudmila does not leave the feeling for a second that we are talking about love. But this is not love: "And longing and ashamed, he felt like a senseless tenderness - a sad warmth that remained where love had slipped very fleetingly, - makes him cuddle without passion for the purple rubber of her yielding lips ..." Did Ganin have true love? When he met Mashenka as a boy, he fell in love not with her, but with his dream, the ideal of a woman invented by him. Mashenka turned out to be unworthy of him. He loved silence, solitude, beauty, he was looking for harmony. She was frivolous, pulling him into the crowd. And "he felt that from these meetings true love diminishes." In Nabokov's world, happy love is impossible. It is either associated with treason, or the heroes do not know at all what love is. Individualistic pathos, fear of submission to another person, fear of the possibility of his judgment make Nabokov's heroes forget about her. Often, the plot of the writer's works is based on a love triangle. But the intensity of passions, nobility of feelings in his works cannot be found, the story looks vulgar and boring.

The novel "Mashenka" is characterized by features that also manifested themselves in the further work of Nabokov. This is a play with literary quotes and the construction of the text on the elusive and re-emerging leitmotifs and images. Here sounds become independent and meaningful (from nightingale singing, meaning the natural beginning and the past, to the noise of a train and tram, personifying the world of technology and the present), smells, repetitive images - trains, trams, light, shadows, comparisons of heroes with birds. Nabokov, speaking about the meetings and partings of the heroes, undoubtedly hinted to the reader about the plot of Eugene Onegin. Also, the attentive reader can find in the novel images typical for the lyrics of A.A. Feta (nightingale and rose), A.A. Blok (dating in a blizzard, the heroine in the snow). At the same time, the heroine, whose name is included in the title of the novel, has never appeared on its pages, and the reality of her existence sometimes seems doubtful. The game with illusions and reminiscences is constantly being played.

What needs to be done to look at the world in a new way? Relive an important event, visit an unknown place. But how do you get to know a different attitude towards life? Gorky's story "Makar Chudra" solves all the questions posed. This early work of the writer goes beyond the romantic sketch, which is traditionally considered it. This creation has a philosophical connotation and remains relevant to this day.

"Makar Chudra" is the first story of the young writer Alexei Peshkov, which he published under the pseudonym M. Gorky. This striking debut took place in 1892 in the Kavkaz newspaper. The author was then working in a provincial newspaper in Tiflis, and the stimulus for writing was conversations with A. Kalyuzhny, a revolutionary and a wanderer. It was this man who first saw in the young writer a talented prose writer and instilled in Alexei self-confidence. He also helped Gorky take the first step into the world of great literature - to publish a work. The writer was grateful to Kalyuzhny and considered him his teacher.

The story is called, like many other early works of Gorky, after the name of the main character - an old gypsy. And it is not accidental: from Greek Makar is translated - "happy", and Chudra is the occasionalism of the creator of the text, the etymology of which probably goes back to the word "miracle".

Genre and direction

Gorky's early work is permeated with the spirit of romanticism: the author asks questions about the ideal, about freedom, the meaning of life. As a rule, these themes sound in the narration of a hero, wise by experience, and these memories are presented to a young interlocutor with an unformed worldview. So, for example, in the work of the gypsies under consideration, Makar Chudra tells the young man about his fate, about what he values, what, in his opinion, is worth appreciating.

Here is a view, in many ways exotic to the average reader: is there happiness in a sedentary life? What is real will? In the heroes, there is no struggle between reason and feeling: passion and will are unconditionally preferred. It is worth living for them, and you can die for them. In order to form the most complete picture of the direction of Gorky's early work, pay attention to.

Composition

The main feature of the composition is that in his work Gorky uses a story-in-story technique: a young hero hears from Chudra's lips a legend about a daring gypsy named Loiko Zobar. This beautiful story is framed by the philosophical discourses of Makar, presented in the form of replicas. This mode of presentation is reminiscent of confession in nature.

The story of Loika has a classic three-part composition: a representation of the hero, his character and environment, culminating in the main conflict of the character and his romantic resolution at the end of the story.

The work ends with a description of the sea - an imperturbable element that symbolizes freedom and eternity.

Conflict

The main conflict of the work is freedom and slavery. The story is permeated with the clash of two fundamentally different worldviews: people of a nomadic lifestyle and a sedentary one. It is this conflict that stimulates the recollection of the legend of Loika Zobar. Some value freedom, both internal and external, which is expressed in the refusal to own material wealth and independence from anyone. The inability to obey is due to pride and self-esteem. Any admiration for such a person is seen as slavery, with which a free soul will never agree.

This attitude to life led to the death of two young people who continue to inspire admiration after death. Radda admitted that she loves Loika, but still freedom is more than him. A passionately loving gypsy could not come to terms with such a revelation: he could not lose his will for the sake of someone who cannot make the same sacrifice.

About what?

The old gypsy Makar Chudra reflects on being, freedom and the purpose of man. He recalls the story of the dashing Loika Zobar. He was handsome, strong, and incredibly talented. The dashing man allowed himself to play with women's hearts, because he could not find an equal for himself, that worthy girl. The meeting with the beauty turned his life upside down: he realized that he could be happy only possessing her, or death. The obstinate gypsy puts will above love and invites her knight in front of the whole camp to bow at her feet - to submit to her. A young gypsy cannot go to such humiliation in front of a woman: he decides to test her stone heart for strength with his knife. Radda's father pays him the same - this is how these lovers unite in heaven.

The main characters and their characteristics

The first in this story is the image of Makar Chudra. One can feel the author's admiration for this man: the writer repeatedly appeals to the fact that the hero is already 58 years old, but he still retains his powerful physique. His conversation with a young man is reminiscent of the philosophical dialogue of a smug sage with a student. The main thesis of Makar Chudra is that you are your own life. It is better to be free of prejudice, rather than listen to imaginary instructions. The standard of such a free and independent personality for him is Loiko Zobar.

This young gypsy was incredibly kind and talented, his pride did not grow into pride: it was a sincere joy of freedom, the opportunity to enjoy the vastness of this world. His crime was not motivated by fear of what other Roma would say. No, this is not that kind of character. Love supplanted a passion for will, but Rudda did not feel the same feeling for Loika to fill the place of her former life in his heart. The young man could not survive this grief, there could be no other outcome: the path of humiliation is not for a proud gypsy, longing for his beloved is not for a warm heart.

Themes

• Liberty. Nomads value independence from everything material and do not understand how you can spend all your years on endless work in the field and arranging your home. So for the entire period that is released from above, you can not see anything in the world, and not comprehend wisdom.
• Love. For the main characters, love has a special value: you can kill for it, give your life. Everything is radical and clear: this feeling is either in the first place, or it should be ripped out of the heart.
• Nature. She acts as the keeper of the secrets of knowledge. Only she knows will, willfulness, independence. The landscape in the story is rich in symbols: the steppe and the sea - freedom, the cultivated field - slavery.
• Meaning of life. The text is permeated with philosophical reflections on the search for the purpose of being: wandering or cultivation, the search for beauty or everyday life? The old gypsy offers his point of view to the Russian youth, and it seems that he succeeds in charming the young interlocutor with it.

Problematic

• Freedom and slavery. This antithesis applies to absolutely all topics: from love to the way of existence. What is it really worth spending your life on: “walk and see” or stay and settle down? Perhaps the worldview of a nomad and a peasant is alien to each other, but still, everyone has something to adopt for themselves.
• Impossibility of love. The wayward beauty does not respond with the same feeling to Loika, but offers to submit. In the depths of her soul, the enchantress knows what this gypsy will do. Can we say that she deliberately doomed herself to death, that she wanted to die for the sake of his passionate love? Probably, yes, because inside Radda, two loves fought: for a young man and for freedom, and she lost this battle in favor of her will. But was the girl happy about this outcome of the internal conflict? Hardly. That's why she made such an offer. Loiko, however, could not come to terms with such a decision of Rudda, which prompted him to do just that. These heroes were worth each other: the young gypsy also understood that his father would avenge her - only death would unite proud hearts.

The meaning of the story

Showing an outlook that is exotic for the majority of the readership, Gorky reminds the public of the natural, primordial beginning of man, when he was not attached to his place, home, things. The author's position is expressed in the rejection of a slave attitude towards life. It is worth remembering that this writer would later say: "Man - it sounds proudly." Gorky is outraged by the cowardice of people, their attention to public opinion, and their thoughtless adherence to accepted procedures. It is worth noting that he does not follow the path of making fun of the current situation. A different method is proposed here: it shows people of different faiths with completely different values ​​and preferences.

The idea of ​​"Makara ..." is to remember your individuality, not to merge with the masses. Perhaps Gorky hopes that his creation will make the same fascinating impression on the reader as on the young listener Makar Chudra. Thus, a desire to discover a new life for themselves will awaken in people.

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Writing

1. Romantic stories by M. Gorky.
2. The composition of the story, plot, heroes, conflict.
3. Resolution of the conflict. Author's position.

You walk, well, go your own way, without turning to the side. Straight and go. Maybe you won't get it for nothing. That's all, falcon!
M. Gorky

The early stories of M. Gorky are called “new stage” works of romanticism. In one row are his revolutionary-romantic "Makar Chudra", "Chelkash", "Old Woman Izergil", "Song of the Falcon", "Song of the Petrel". Their bright heroes are endowed with the main feature - a passion for freedom. This determines their actions. Based on the traditions of Russian classical literature, the writer puts a special pathos in his works: romance calls for action, struggle, and achievement. They were relevant as propaganda on the eve of the revolution and remain relevant now, because they contain wisdom.

The years of the author's wanderings across Russia gave him a huge life experience. He wrote down his impressions in a travel book, and many subjects were later included in his works. "Makar Chudra" was the first published story by M. Gorky. It was he, published in 1892 in the Tiflis newspaper Kavkaz, who was first signed by this pseudonym. The story immediately drew attention to itself with vivid images and topical issues. Gorky told the legend he had heard on the trip about people who value independence and freedom more than anything else.

The story is built in an unusual way - the author uses a frame composition, this is the so-called "story within a story." The story begins with a dialogue between the old gypsy Makara Chudra and the narrator. The narrator's image is special here. This is a dialogue where we do not hear the narrator's words, and we do not see him himself, there are only responses from Makara Chudra.

Gorky's heroes are the embodiment of pride and audacity, whole characters, not dependent on their passions, beautiful and self-confident people. Old Makar says that for him the truth of life is in freedom. He was not born to be a slave, he understands the will and breadth of the steppe, "the sound of the sea wave amuses his heart." Makar believes that you need to live without stopping in one place and without thinking about life, so as not to stop loving her. No need to ask yourself why you live, otherwise melancholy will overcome. He does not understand the Russian, who advises him to live according to God's word and says that then God will give everything: why does he not ask him for new clothes instead of torn ones? The gypsy tells a story that "as you remember, you will be a free bird for your age." Freedom for him is the greatest value in the world.

This romantic legend helps us understand the inner world of the hero and what he values. The daring fellow Loiko Zobar loved only horses, and even then not for long - he had nothing cherished and he was not afraid of anything. This is how Makar Chudra characterizes him: “Damn me if I didn’t love him as myself, before he said a word to me or simply noticed that I, too, live in this world! Here, falcon, what people are! He will look into your eyes and fill your soul, and you are not at all ashamed of it, but also proud for you. With such a person, you yourself become better. Few, friend, such people! .. And wise, like an old man, and well versed in everything, and understood Russian and Magyar literacy. Sometimes, he would go to talk - he would not sleep, listened to him! And it plays - kill me with thunder, if in the world someone else played like that! It used to run along the strings with a bow - and your heart tremble, lead it again - and it freezes, listening, and he plays and smiles. And I wanted to cry and laugh at the same time, listening to him. "

The beautiful Radda would not sell her freedom and pride for any money. When the Zobar tells her about his love, she knocks him off his feet with a belt whip. And then comes to him to put up. Here is what Radda Loiko says: “I have never loved anyone, Loiko, but I love you. And I also love freedom! Will, Loiko, I love more than you. And I can’t live without you, just as you can’t live without me. So I want you to be my body and soul. " Radda demands from a loving gypsy to submit to her as an elder, in full view of the whole camp. Gypsies are so proud people that kneeling is like death for them. However, the cruel-hearted Rudda demands this from Loiko, promising him her love. Why is Rudd's "devil wench" behaving this way? Why is it not easy for Loiko to give his declaration of love? The heroes are freedom-loving and do not want to be subordinated to anything, not even love passion. They do not recognize dependence even on a loved one, and therefore they talk about love and immediately fight for independence, for supremacy.

How do the gypsies feel about what is happening? They “even wanted to go somewhere, just not to see Loiko Zobar fall at the girl's feet - even if this girl and Radda. Something was ashamed, and sorry, and sad. " How is the conflict resolved? What do the heroes choose? The ending of the story is tragic. Loiko refuses to bow at her feet and plunges a knife into Rudda, and then kneels in front of the dead girl. Before her death, Rudd says that she knew that Loiko would do so, appreciating that he did not abandon his ideal for the sake of love, did not humiliate himself. Radda's father, Danilo, plunges the same knife into Loiko's back.

The landscape in the story conveys the feelings of the heroes - "the sea sang a gloomy and solemn hymn to a proud couple of handsome gypsies." A seascape with a strong cold wind, the silent darkness of the steppe, autumn rain, fire flames - these sketches look like the framing of a legend. The author says that a person will only become a fighter if he has achieved inner freedom. Gorky gives Loiko the features and inclinations of a folk hero, ready to sacrifice himself for the sake of another person or for the sake of an idea.

The story of Zobar and Radda shows that they value freedom more than life and love. Everyone sets their own impossible conditions for a loved one. According to Makar Chudra, pride and love are incompatible, and more than anything else, gypsies must protect their independence, even if it can only be preserved at the cost of their own lives. The narrator leads us to the idea that pride condemns a person to loneliness. And therefore the heroes become hostages of their freedom.

A romantic night by the sea, a fire is burning, an old gypsy Makar Chudra tells the writer a story about free gypsies. Makar advises to beware of love, for having fallen in love, a person loses his will. This is confirmed by the story told by Chudra.

There was Loiko Zobar, a young gypsy. Hungary, Czech Republic and Slovenia knew him. Dexterous was a horse thief, many wanted to kill him. He only loved horses, he did not value money, he could give it to everyone who needed it.

There was a gypsy camp in Bukovina. Danila the soldier had a daughter, Rudd, a beauty, not to say in words. Rudd broke a lot of hearts. One tycoon threw any money at her feet, asked to marry him, but Radda replied that an eagle had no place in a crow's nest.

Once Zobar came to the camp. He was handsome: “The mustache fell on his shoulders and mixed with the curls, his eyes shine like clear stars, and the smile is the whole sun. As if it was forged from one piece of iron with a horse. " He began to play the violin, and many began to cry. Radda praised Zobar's violin, he plays well. And he replied that his violin was made from the chest of a young girl, and the strings from her heart were entwined. Radda turned away, saying that people lie when they talk about Zobar's mind. He marveled at the girl's sharp tongue.

Zobar visited Danila, went to bed, and the next morning he went out with a rag tied on his head, said that the horse had hurt him. But everyone understood that it was Rudda, they thought that wasn’t worth Loiko Rudda? "Well, I do not! The girl, no matter how good she is, but her soul is narrow and shallow, and even though you hang a pound of gold around her neck, it’s still better than what she is, not to be her! ”

The camp lived well at that time. And Loiko is with them. He was wise as an old man, and played the violin in such a way that his heart sank. If Loiko wanted, then people would give their lives for him, they loved him so, only Radda did not love. And he loved her dearly. The people around him only looked, they knew, "if two stones roll at each other, you cannot stand between them - they will mutilate."

Once Zobar sang a song, everyone liked it, only Radda laughed. Danilo wanted to teach her a lesson with a whip. But Loiko did not allow, asked to give her to him as a wife. Danilo agreed: "Yes, take it if you can!" Loiko approached Rudda and said that she filled his heart, that he took her as his wife, but she should not contradict his will. "I am a free person and I will live the way I want." Everyone thought Rudda had resigned herself. She wrapped her whip around Loiko's legs, pulled, and Zobar fell as if knocked down. And she walked away and lay down on the grass, smiling.

Zobar fled to the steppe, and Makar watched him, as if the guy did not do something over himself in the heat of the moment. But Loiko only sat motionless for three hours, and then Rudda came to him. Loiko wanted to stab her, but she put a gun to his forehead and said that she had come to make up, loves him. And she also told Rudda that she loves freedom more than Zobara. She promised Loiko hot caresses if he agreed to bow at her feet in front of the whole camp and kiss her right hand, like the eldest. Zobar shouted at the entire steppe, but agreed to Rudda's terms.

He returned to the Loiko camp and told the old people that he looked into his heart and did not see the former free life there. "One Radda lives there." And he decided to do her will, bow at her feet, kiss her right hand. And he also said that he would check if Radda had such a strong heart as she boasts.

Everyone did not have time to guess, but he stuck a knife into her heart right up to the handle. Rudda pulled out the knife, plugged the wound with her hair and said that she expected such a death. Danilo raised the knife thrown by Radda aside, examined it and stuck it in Loiko's back, right against the heart. Rudda is lying, clutching the wound with his hand, and the dying Loiko is spread at her feet.

The writer couldn't sleep. He looked at the sea, and it seemed that he saw the regal Radda, and Loiko Zobar was sailing at her heels. "They both swirled in the darkness of the night smoothly and silently, and the handsome Loiko could not catch up with the proud Radda."

The story "Makar Chudra", the analysis of which is given in this article, is one of the most famous works of the Soviet writer Maxim Gorky. It was first published in 1892 in the Kavkaz newspaper. Signed by the pseudonym M. Gorky.

History of creation

The story "Makar Chudra", the analysis of which you can read in this article, was written by Alexei Peshkov in 1892, when he was in Tiflis. At that time, the writer was actively communicating with members of the revolutionary movement, first of all, with Alexander Kalyuzhny.

Kalyuzhny always listened attentively to the young man's stories about his wanderings, each time he invited him to write them down so that later he could form a story or a story. Kalyuzhny was one of the first to whom Peshkov showed the manuscript of the story "Makar Chudra". The revolutionary took advantage of his acquaintances among journalists and added the work to the magazine "Kavkaz". The decisive role in this was played by the publicist Tsvetnitsky.

Many years later, in 1925, Gorky fondly recalled his literary debut in a letter to Kalyuzhny. He noted that he owes a lot to him, that he received an impetus, thanks to which he has faithfully and faithfully serve Russian art for 30 years.

The story "Makar Chudra" begins with a description of a romantic night by the sea. A bonfire is burning on the shore, an old gypsy named Makar Chudra sits near the fire. It is he who tells the writer a fascinating story about the free gypsy people. At the same time, Makar in every possible way encourages others to beware of love. According to him, having fallen in love once, a person loses his will forever. In confirmation of his words, he tells the story, which formed the basis of this story.

In the story "Makar Chudra" the main character is a young gypsy named Loiko Zobar. He was known in many European countries, in which he was known as a noble horse thief. In the Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovenia, many dreamed of taking revenge for the horses they had taken away and even killing him. Horses were his main passion in life, he earned money easily, did not appreciate it, he could immediately give it to anyone in need.

Events began to develop around the camp, which stopped in Bukovina. There was a beautiful girl named Rudd, who had broken more than one heart. Her beauty could not be described in words, many young people dreamed of her, and one rich man even threw wads of money at her feet, begging to marry him. It was all in vain. Rudda has always said only one thing. An eagle has no place in a crow's nest.

Zobar arrives at the camp

From this article you will learn the plot of the story "Makar Chudra". The content is described in sufficient detail. Once Zobar came to this camp. He was handsome. Gorky writes that his mustache fell on his shoulders, mixed with curls, and his eyes burned like clear stars, while his smile was like the sun. The impression was that it had been forged from a piece of iron. He also played the violin, so much so that many immediately began to cry.

And this time he played, impressing everyone around him, even Radda. She praised his abilities, and he replied that his violin was made from the chest of a young girl, and the strings were twisted by the best craftsmen from her heart. The girl was not in the least imbued with this romantic comparison, noting only that people, obviously, lie, arguing about the mind of Zobar. The young man had no choice but to marvel at the sharp tongue of this girl.

For the night the gypsies stayed overnight at Danila, Radda's father. In the morning, he hit everyone around him by coming out with a rag that was tied around his head. To all the questions he answered that he was stabbed by a horse. But everyone around him thought that the matter was completely different, all Rudd's fault.

Meanwhile, Loiko stayed with the camp, in which things were going very well at that time. He conquered everyone with his wisdom, as if he had lived for more than a dozen years, and played the violin in such a way that everyone's heart sank. In the camp, he came to the court so much that, at times, it seemed, people were ready to give their lives for him, loved and appreciated him. Everyone except Radda. And Zobar fell in love with the girl dearly. So that I could not think of anything else. The surrounding gypsies saw everything, understood, but could do nothing. We only remembered the words of our ancestors that if two stones roll on top of each other, then it is better not to stand between them, otherwise you can be mutilated.

Song of the Zobar

One evening Zobar sang a new song, from which everyone was delighted, they began to praise him. But Rudd remained in her repertoire - she made fun of Zobar. Her father had already intended to teach her a lesson with a whip, but Loiko himself did not allow him. Instead, he asked Danila to give her to him as a wife.

Although he was surprised at this request, he agreed, saying, take it if you can. After that, Zobar approached the girl and admitted that she won his heart and now he takes her as his wife. The only condition of their family life, she should never, under any circumstances, contradict his will. Zobar said that he is a free man and will always live the way he wants. At first, Rudda pretended to be resigned, but then imperceptibly wrapped a whip around Loiko's legs and jerked sharply. Zobar fell as if knocked down. She only smiled maliciously, stepped aside and lay down on the grass.

On the same day, the frustrated Zobar fled to the steppe. Makar went after him, fearing that in such a state he might do something stupid. He watched Loiko from a distance, without giving himself away. But he did nothing at all, but only sat motionless for three hours. After this time, Radda appeared in the distance. She went up to Zobar. The offended Loiko immediately tried to stab her with a knife, but in response she put a gun to his head and announced that she had come here not to quarrel, but to make peace, because she also loved him. But at the same time she admitted that she loves freedom even more than Zobara.

The girl promised Loiko a night of love and hot caresses, but only on one condition. If he is in public, in front of the whole camp he will kneel before her and kiss her right hand, recognizing her seniority in the family. The annoyed Zobar shouted in powerlessness throughout the steppe, but his love for the girl was so great that he agreed to this condition, which was supposed to put an end to his love of freedom and respect in society.

Return to the camp

When the Zobar returned to the camp, he approached the elders and admitted that he carefully looked into his own heart, but did not see there either the former free and free life, nothing at all. There was only one Rudda in it. Therefore, he accepts her condition and in the near future bow to her feet in front of the whole camp and kiss her right hand. In conclusion, he only noted that he would check whether the girl really had such a strong heart, which she so loves to brag about in front of everyone.

Neither the elders, nor the rest of the gypsies had time to understand what these last words of Zobar meant. He grabbed a knife and stuck it right into the heart of the beauty, up to the handle. Rudda immediately tore the knife from her chest, plugged the bleeding wound with her long and beautiful hair, saying that she was expecting just such a death.

The knife was picked up by her father Danilo and stabbed Loiko right in the back, opposite his heart. Radda remained on the ground, clutching her wound with her hand, from under which blood was rapidly oozing, and the body of the dying Zobar was spread at her feet. This concludes the story that Makar Chudra told the writer.

The story ends with the recognition of the writer that after what he heard he could not sleep all night. He could not close his eyes and stared at the sea in front of him. Soon it began to seem to him that he saw the regal Radda, who was walking on the waves, and Loiko Zobar was floating behind her, arms outstretched, right on her heels. They seemed to be spinning in the darkness of the night, silently, slowly and smoothly. But no matter how hard Loiko tried, he could not catch up with Radda, all the time staying behind her.

Analysis of the story

First of all, it should be noted that the story "Makar Chudra", the analysis of which is given in this article, is the first printed work published by Alexey Peshkov. He signed it with a pseudonym, under which he eventually became known all over the world. Now everyone knows that the author of the story "Makar Chudra" is Gorky.

Before publishing his first work, Peshkov wandered around the country for several years. He strove to get to know Russia better, to meet and communicate with as many people as possible. He set himself an ambitious task, to understand the secret of a huge country in which there are so many poor and disadvantaged people. He dreamed of understanding why the Russian people were suffering.

By the end of this journey, he had dozens of fascinating stories to his credit, which he willingly shared with numerous fellow travelers and people who met on his way. At the same time, during the journey itself, the future writer did not always have even a piece of bread in the bag, not to mention something more significant. But there was always a thick notebook in which he kept notes and observations about everything he saw and heard. He recorded his meetings with interesting people, the events that happened, the stories that they told him. Later, it was from these notes that numerous stories and poems of the writer were born, many of which he managed to publish. This is how Gorky's "Makar Chudra" appeared.

The romanticism of the writer

It should be noted that the key direction in the story "Makar Chudra" is romanticism. This is typical for all early works of Alexei Peshkov. In the center of the story we see a typical romantic hero - Loiko Zobar. For him, as for the narrator Makar, the most important thing in this life is freedom. Personal freedom, which he is never ready to exchange for anything.

In his work, Gorky describes a typical view of the life and the world around him of most of the gypsies who met on his way. They sincerely believed that peasants were slaves who were born only to poke around in the ground, and at the end of their lives die, without even having time to dig a grave for themselves.

Their maximalist striving for freedom is embodied in the heroes of this legend, which is given in the pages of the story "Makar Chudra". An analysis of this work helps to better understand this people, for whom freedom at a certain moment became more valuable than even life itself.

Heroes of the story

The main female character of the story "Makar Chudra" is Rudda. This is a young, charming and beautiful gypsy woman. Loiko Zobar, a famous violinist and horse thief, is also crazy about her. Young people love each other, but cannot afford to be together. Because in this case they will lose the most important thing that they have. Their personal freedom. In a relationship, you still have to choose which of the partners will be the leader and who will remain the follower. In this story, love and freedom are the main themes. Makar Chudra himself adheres to the same position in life, therefore, like most other residents of the tabor, he understands young people well.

Personal freedom means so much to them that they even look at their pure love as a chain that will still fetter their independence. Each of them, confessing their love, sets conditions, tries to dominate.

As a result, all this leads to a fatal conflict, which ends with the tragic death of both heroes. They sort out their relationship in front of the whole camp. Loiko initially obeys the girl, kneels before her, recognizing her superiority, and this is considered by the gypsies, perhaps, the most terrible humiliation. But as soon as he recognizes her independence, he immediately grabs a dagger and kills his beloved. Zobar himself, a minute later, dies at the hands of the girl's father, for whom this loss becomes a heavy and irreparable blow. Freedom and love in the story "Makar Chudra" become what distinguishes the heroes from the majority of those around them, sets them apart from the crowd, but at the same time destroys ahead of time.

Features of the composition

The main feature of the composition of this work is that the author puts the story in the mouth of the protagonist, who leads the story. The events of a romantic legend unfold before us, which helps to better understand the inner world of the heroes and their value system.

In the story "Makar Chudra", problems are raised, relevant both at that time and now. What is more important for a person - love or personal freedom? For most of the characters in this work, freedom is even more important than their own life.

The narrator Makar is convinced that love and pride are two wonderful feelings. But when they reach their highest expression, they are no longer able to reconcile with each other. In his view, a person must necessarily preserve his personal freedom, even at the cost of his life.

Another compositional feature is the narrator, who is almost invisible. We only know that Makar Chudra tells his story to him. The meaning that the author puts into this feature of the composition is that he does not agree with his hero. At the same time, he does not directly object to the gypsy. But at the end of the story, when he admires the sea, he shows his own opinion on this matter. He admires the pride and independence of the heroes, but at the same time he cannot come to terms with the fact that these traits mean for them loneliness and the inability to be happy. The writer, and after him the author himself, believe that they are slaves of freedom.

Artistic techniques

To better convey his ideas to readers, the author uses a large arsenal of artistic techniques. For example, a seascape frames the entire storyline of a story. The image of the sea is directly related to the state of mind of the characters. At the beginning of the story, it is calm and peaceful, but over time everything changes, and when it starts to rain, the sea really rumbles. Deaf and angry.

A striking feature of this work is its musicality. Throughout the story, Zobar plays the violin, conquering everyone around him.