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This collection contains proverbs from textbooks and the ABC, which were compiled by the great Russian writer Leo Tolstoy. The collection consists of two parts. The first contains short stories that reveal the meaning of common sayings. They are built on situations described by one or two sentences that eloquently explain the meaning of proverbs.
The second part of the collection is a list of sayings on various topics.

Know your cricket hearth

The boy took a scythe and decided to mow the grass. He cut off his leg and cried. Baba saw and said.

You don't have to mow. You just have to bring breakfast to your father. Know your cricket hearth.

Dog in the manger

The dog lay under the barn in the hay. The cow wanted a hay, she went under the barn, stuck her head in and just grabbed a tuft of hay - the dog growled and rushed at her. The cow walked away and said:

If only she ate, and then she does not eat herself, and does not give to others.

The cat knows whose meat it ate

A motherless girl went into the cellar and drank some milk. When the mother came, the girl looked down and did not look at her mother. And she said.

Mother, something the cat climbed into the cellar, I kicked her out. She wouldn't eat milk.

Mother said:

- The cat knows whose meat it ate.

As you look, so you see

The boy lay on the ground and looked at the tree from the side. He said:

The tree is crooked.

And the other boy said:

No, it's straight, but you look crooked. As you look, so you see.

If you believe in Altyn, they will not believe in the ruble

The merchant borrowed two hryvnias. He said:

I'll pay tomorrow.

Tomorrow came, he didn't pay. He wanted to borrow a hundred rubles, they didn't give him. If you believe in Altyn, they will not believe in the ruble.

Don't die twice

The house was on fire. And there was a baby in the house. Nobody could enter the house. The soldier came up and said:

I will go.

He was told to:

You will burn!

Soldier said:

- Do not die twice, but do not pass once.

Ran into the house and carried the baby!

Bread is mined with iron

The boy took the iron hook and threw it. The man said:

What are you good at?

The boy said:

What do I need iron for, I can't eat it.

And the man said:

- Bread is mined with iron.

Family porridge boils thicker

The boy lived in school, came home to the holiday. Sat down for porridge. The boy said:

What kind of thick porridge you have, the owner does not have such porridge.

And the mother said:

- Family porridge boils thicker.

And the bee flies to the red flower

The girl with her mother came to the ranks. And they began to choose ribbons. Mother asked:

What do you want?

Daughter said:

And the bee flies to the red flower.

The raven flew over the sea, did not become smarter

The barin went abroad. He came to his place and started planting rye with his hands. The men said:

- The raven flew over the sea, did not become smarter.

Ours spun, and yours slept

There were two men, Peter and Ivan, they mowed the meadows together. Peter the next morning came with his family and began to clean up his meadow. The day was hot and the grass was dry; in the evening it became hay. And Ivan did not go to clean, but sat at home. On the third day, Peter brought hay home, and Ivan was just about to row. By evening it started to rain. Peter had hay, and Ivan had all the grass withered away.

Ours spun, and yours slept.

A stupid bird is not nice to its home

The girl loved to play on the street, but when she comes to the house, she misses it. Mother asked:

Why are you bored?

It's boring at home.

Mother said:

- A stupid bird is not nice to its home.

They learn the alphabet, they shout at the whole hut

An old man lived with an old woman. It was quiet in their hut. They let the school into their house. The guys began to scream so much that the old people's ears hurt. They learn the alphabet, they shout at the whole hut.

Playful father - self-interest to the wolf

Sheep walked under the forest; two lambs ran away from the herd. The old sheep said:

Do not be naughty, lambs, get into trouble.

And the wolf stood behind the bush and said:

Do not believe, lambs, the old sheep; she says so because her legs do not go from old age and she is envious. Why are you bored? Run more.

The lambs listened to the wolf and ran, but the wolf caught them and slaughtered them. Playful father - self-interest to the wolf.

A small drop, but a stone hammers

A man took to dig a ditch and dug all summer. Dug three miles. The owner came and said:

You dug a lot. A small drop, but a stone hammers.

Bulat iron and jelly cuts

There was one strong, angry dog. She gnawed on all dogs except two: she did not gnaw on a small puppy and a large wolfhound. Bulat iron and jelly cuts.

Not for that the wolf is beaten, that the

The wolf ate the sheep; The hunters caught the wolf and began to beat him. Wolf said:

In vain you beat me: it's not my fault that sir.

And the hunters said:

Not because the wolf is beaten that it is gray, but because he ate the sheep.

Chased an ax handle, missed an ax

A man saw a log floating on the river. He began to get it from the shore with an ax. The ax caught on a log and escaped from his hand. Chased an ax handle, missed an ax.

Boring day until evening, if there is nothing to do

One student asked for a book; they gave him.

He said:

Incomprehensible!

They gave him another.

He said:

Boring day until evening, if there is nothing to do.

Good is not sought from good

The hare ran away from the dogs and went into the forest. He felt good in the forest, but he got a lot of fear and wanted to hide even better. He began to look for a quieter place, and climbed into a thicket in a ravine - and ran into a wolf. The wolf grabbed him. "It is clear," thought the hare, "that no need to look for good from good. I wanted to hide better and completely disappeared.

1. Al color is sweet all over the world.
2. No, there is no judgment.
3. You can't eat without bones and fish.
4. There would be cats, but there will be mice.
5. No matter what finger you bite, it hurts.
6. A sick wolf will become a sheep.
7. It swelled like a rain bubble and became - nothing.
8. What falls into the water is gone.
9. The worm managed to eat a leaf for a lifetime.
10. Try on ten times, cut once.
11. Where there is a flower, there is honey.
12. There will be no snow, there will be no trace.
13. An unknown friend is not good for services.
14. Look for a friend, and if you find - take care.
15. Knowing the enemy, do not call to the feast.
16. Short account, long friendship.
17. An old friend is better than two new ones.
18. Help your friend as much as you can.
19. You go for a day, take bread for a week.
20. Food - I won’t whistle, but I’ll run over - I won’t let go.
21. To survive a century is not a field to cross.
22. Blind puppy and he climbs to his mother.
23. They carry water on the angry.
24. The cricket is not big, but you can hear it screaming.
25. The bee stings, it's a pity for honey.
26. Feel sorry for the bag - do not make a friend.
27. It is a pity for milk - not to see a cat.
28. We know for ourselves - the sleigh is crooked.
29. It fell from the cart - you won’t find it.
30. And the moon shines when there is no sun.
31. In the dark and rotten shines.
32. No matter how you caress the wolf, he keeps looking towards the forest.
33. Who would have known the woodpecker if he had not knocked his nose.
34. A bird is red with a feather, a man with a mind.
35. He feeds with a spoon, pricks his eyes with a stalk.
36. A drop is small, but drop by drop is the sea.
37. The end is the crown.
38. Summer gathers, winter eats.
39. The lion is scary, the monkey is funny.
40. Don't wake up a sleepy lion.
41. Well done to the sheep, and well done to the sheep himself.
42. Wet rain is not terrible.
43. Don't dig another hole, you yourself will fall.
44. In a foreign land, and spring is not red.
45. The same torment, but not the same pens.
46. The guys and the hares have two teeth.
47. Learning is light, ignorance is darkness.
48. A mangy ram spoils the whole herd.
49. Murder will out.
50. White hand, black soul.
51. Cat toys, mouse tears.
52. The new broom sweeps clean.
53. Guilt bows her head.
54. Where the needle goes, there goes the thread.
55. The eye sees far, but the mind sees even further.
56. Near the honey bee.
57. Once upon a time there was a fine fellow: he did not see fun at home, he went to a foreign land - he cried.
58. A sheep is sheared, and the other wait for the same.
59. I would eat a pie, but burn it in the oven.
60. Wait for the pie - do not eat to sleep.
61. She scratched the threshold, baked a cake.
62. Don't look for mushrooms in the snow.
63. There is no need for a castle in an empty hut.
64. Drove straight, fell into a hole.
65. Early the bird sang, as if the cat had not eaten.
66. Cut down a strong tree, a rotten one will fall by itself.
67. Birds of a feather flock together.
68. You can't learn everything right away.
69. Happiness without mind is a holey scrip.
70. There is space in the steppe, land in the forest.
71. The spoken word is silver, the unspoken is golden.
72. Find with the smart, lose with the fool.
73. With stupid to be associated, you yourself will become stupid.
74. It's boring for Afonyushka to live on someone else's side.

1. Don't be bored with work, but be bored with care.
2. The work of man feeds.
3. Difficult to swim against the water.
4. It's hard to live alone in the world.
5. The quieter you go, the further you'll get.
6. Pour the same cabbage soup and thinner.
7. Finely spin, long wait.
8. A quiet cart will be on the mountain.
9. Not work dries - care.
10. About that cuckoo and cuckoo that she does not have a nest.
11. It is not the sea that drowns, but the winds.
12. They gave the woman a canvas, she says: thick; let the woman sweat, - he says: give me more!
13. Know how to take, know how to give.
14. Seven nannies have a child without an eye.
15. Lost the mane, don't hold on to the tail.

Genealogy of Tolstoy

Lev Nikolaevich belongs to the rich and noble, who occupied an eminent position already in times. His great-grandfather, the count, had a sad role in history. The features of the great-grandson of Peter Andreevich, Ilya Andreevich, are given in War and Peace to the most good-natured, impractical old Count Rostov. The son of Ilya Andreevich, (1794-1837), was the father of Lev Nikolaevich. In some character traits and biography facts, he was similar to Nikolenka's father in "Childhood" and "Boyhood" and partly to Nikolai Rostov in "War and Peace". However, in real life, Nikolai Ilyich differed from Nikolai Rostov not only in his good education, but also in his convictions, which did not allow him to serve under. A participant in the foreign campaign of the Russian army, including participating in the "" near Leipzig and being captured by the French, after the conclusion of peace, he retired with the rank of lieutenant colonel. Soon after his resignation, he was forced to go to official service so as not to end up in a debtor's prison because of the debts of his father, the Kazan governor, who died under investigation for official abuse. For several years, Nikolai Ilyich had to save money. The negative example of his father helped Nikolai Ilyich work out his life ideal - a private independent life with family joys. To put his frustrated affairs in order, Nikolai Ilyich, like Nikolai Rostov, married an ugly and no longer very young princess. The marriage, however, was a happy one. They had four sons: Nikolai, Sergei, Dmitry and Lev, and a daughter, Maria. In addition to Leo, Nikolai was an outstanding person, whose death (abroad, in) Tolstoy so surprisingly described in one of his letters to.

Tolstoy's maternal grandfather, Catherine's general, served as the prototype for the stern rigorist - the old prince Bolkonsky in War and Peace. Lev Nikolaevich undoubtedly borrowed the best features of his moral temper from the Volkonskys. The mother of Lev Nikolayevich, similar to Princess Marya depicted in War and Peace, possessed a wonderful gift for storytelling, for which, with her shyness passed on to her son, she had to lock herself with a large number of listeners who gathered around her in a dark room. In addition to the Volkonskys, Tolstoy is closely related to a number of other aristocratic families - princes, and others.

Childhood

Lev Nikolaevich was born on August 28 () in Krapivensky district, in the mother's hereditary estate -. By that time, Tolstoy already had three older brothers - Nikolai (-), Sergey (-) and Dmitry (-). Sister Maria (-) was born. Tolstoy was not even two years old when his mother died. Many are misled by the fact that Childhood"Irtenyev's mother dies when the boy is already 10-12 years old and he is quite conscious of his surroundings, but in fact the mother is depicted here by Tolstoy according to the stories of others.

A distant relative, T. A. Ergolskaya, took up the upbringing of orphaned children (some of her features were transferred to Sonya from “ War and peace"). The family moved to, settling on, because the eldest son had to prepare for entering the university, but soon his father died suddenly, leaving things in a rather upset state, and the three younger children again settled in Yasnaya Polyana under the supervision of T. A. Ergolskaya and paternal aunts, Countess A. M. Osten-Saken. Here Lev Nikolaevich remained until when Countess Osten-Saken died and the children moved to, to the new one - the father's sister P. I. Yushkova. This ends the first period of Tolstoy's life, with great accuracy in the transfer of thoughts and impressions and only with a slight change in external details, described by him in " Childhood».

The Yushkovs' house, somewhat provincial in style, but typically secular, was one of the most cheerful in Kazan; all members of the family highly valued external brilliance. “My good aunt,” says Tolstoy, “the purest being, always said that she would want nothing more for me than for me to have a relationship with a married woman: rien ne forme un jeune homme comme une liaison avec une femme comme il faut" (" Confession»).

Two strong principles of Tolstoy's nature - great pride and a desire to achieve something real, to know the truth - now entered into a struggle. He passionately wanted to shine in society, to earn the reputation of a young man comme il faut. But he did not have external data for this: he was ugly, as it seemed to him, awkward, and, moreover, he was disturbed by natural. At the same time, there was an intense internal struggle and the development of a strict moral ideal. Everything that is said in adolescence" and " Youth” about the aspirations of Irtenyev and Nekhlyudov for self-improvement, taken by Tolstoy from the history of his own attempts. The most diverse, as Tolstoy himself defines them, "thinking" about the main issues of our existence - happiness, death, God, love, eternity - painfully tormented him in that era of life, when his peers and brothers devoted themselves entirely to the fun, easy and carefree pastime of the rich and noble people. All this led to the fact that Tolstoy developed "a habit of constant moral analysis," as it seemed to him, "destroying the freshness of feeling and clarity of mind" (" Youth»).

Education

Tolstoy's education went at first under the guidance of a rude tutor, Saint-Thomas (Mr. Jerome "Boyhood"), who replaced the good-natured Reselman, whom Tolstoy so lovingly portrayed in "Childhood" under the name of Karl Ivanovich.

It was at this time, while in the Kazan hospital, that Tolstoy began to keep a diary, where, imitating Franklin, he set himself goals and rules for self-improvement and notes successes and failures in completing these tasks, analyzes his shortcomings and the train of thought and motives for his actions. In 1904, Tolstoy recalled: "... for the first year I ... did nothing. In the second year I began to study ... there was Professor Meyer, who ... gave me a job - comparing Catherine's "Order" with " Esprit des lois "Montesquieu. ... I was fascinated by this work, I went to the village, began to read Montesquieu, this reading opened up endless horizons for me; I began to read Rousseau and left the university, precisely because I wanted to study ". Without completing the university course, Tolstoy subsequently acquired vast knowledge through self-education, using, among other things, the skills of working with literature obtained at the university.

The beginning of literary activity

Having left the university, Tolstoy settled in Yasnaya Polyana in the spring of 1847. What he did there is partly evident from The Morning of the Landowner: it describes Tolstoy's attempts to establish new relations with the peasants.

Tolstoy's attempt to become a benefactor of his peasants is remarkable as an illustration of the fact that lordly philanthropy is not capable of improving serf life, and as a page from the history of Tolstoy's impulses. He stands apart from the democratic currents of the second half of the 1840s, which did not touch Tolstoy at all.

He followed journalism very little; although his attempt to somehow smooth over the guilt of the nobility before the people dates back to the same year when "Anton Goremyka" and the beginning "" appeared, but this is a mere accident. If there were literary influences here, then they were of a much older origin: Tolstoy was very fond of, a hater of civilization and a return to primitive simplicity.

However, this is only a small part of the activities. In his diary, Tolstoy sets himself a huge number of goals and rules. Only a small number of them succeed. Among the successful ones are serious studies in English, music, and jurisprudence. In addition, neither the diary nor the letters reflected the beginning of Tolstoy's studies in pedagogy and charity - in 1849 he opened a school for peasant children for the first time. The main teacher was Foka Demidych, a serf, but L.N. often taught.

The peasants, however, did not completely capture Tolstoy: he soon left for Russia and in the spring of 1848 began to take the exam for a candidate of rights. He successfully passed two exams, from criminal law and criminal law, then he got tired of it, and he left for the village.

Later, he traveled to Moscow, where he often succumbed to an inherited passion for the game, which greatly upset his financial affairs. During this period of his life, Tolstoy was especially passionately interested in music (he played the piano quite well and was very fond of classical composers). Exaggerated in relation to most people, the description of the effect that "passionate" music produces, the author drew from the sensations excited by the world of sounds in his own soul.

The development of Tolstoy's love for music was also facilitated by the fact that during a trip to St. Petersburg in 1848, he met in a very unsuitable dance class environment with a gifted but misguided German musician, whom he later described in Alberta. Tolstoy had the idea to save him: he took him to Yasnaya Polyana and played a lot with him. A lot of time was also spent on carousing, playing and hunting.

This is how 4 years passed after leaving the university, when Nikolai, who served under Tolstoy's brother, came to Yasnaya Polyana and began to call him there. Tolstoy did not give in to his brother's call for a long time, until a major loss in Moscow helped the decision. To pay off, it was necessary to reduce their expenses to a minimum - and in the spring of 1851 Tolstoy hurriedly left Moscow for the Caucasus, at first without any specific goal. Soon he decided to enter the military service, but there were obstacles in the form of a lack of necessary papers that were difficult to obtain, and Tolstoy lived for about 5 months in complete seclusion in, in a simple hut. He spent a significant part of his time hunting, in the company of Epishka, who appears in The Cossacks under the name Eroshka.

All the horrors, hardships and suffering that befell his heroic defenders were also endured by Tolstoy. He lived for a long time on the terrible 4th bastion, commanded a battery in the battle of Chernaya, was during the hellish bombardment during the assault. Despite all the horrors of the siege, to which he soon became accustomed, like all the other epic-brave Sevastopolians, Tolstoy wrote at that time a combat story from the Caucasian life, "Cutting the Forest" and the first of three "Sevastopol stories" "Sevastopol in December 1854. ". He sent this last story to Sovremennik. Immediately printed, the story was eagerly read by all of Russia and made a stunning impression with a picture of the horrors that befell the defenders of Sevastopol. The story was seen; he ordered to take care of the gifted officer, which, however, was impossible for Tolstoy, who did not want to go into the category of the "staff" he hated.

For the defense of Sevastopol, Tolstoy was awarded with the inscription "For Courage" and medals "For the Defense of Sevastopol" and "In Memory of the War of 1853-1856." Surrounded by the brilliance of fame and, using the reputation of a very brave officer, Tolstoy had every chance of a career, but he “spoiled” it for himself. Almost the only time in his life (except for the “Combining different versions of epics into one” made for children in his pedagogical writings), he indulged in poetry: he wrote a satirical song, in the manner of soldiers, about the unfortunate deed of the year, when the general, having misunderstood order of the commander-in-chief, imprudently attacked the Fedyukhin heights. The song (Like on the fourth day, it was not easy to carry the mountain to pick us up, etc.), which touched on a number of important generals, was a huge success and, of course, damaged the author. Immediately after the assault on August 27 (), Tolstoy was sent by courier to Petersburg, where he wrote "Sevastopol in May 1855." and "Sevastopol in August 1855".

The “Sevastopol Tales”, which finally strengthened Tolstoy’s fame as one of the main “hopes” of the new literary generation, is to a certain extent the first sketch of that huge canvas that 10-12 years later Tolstoy unfolded with such brilliant skill in War and Peace. The first in Russian, and almost in world literature, Tolstoy took up a sober analysis of combat life, the first to react to it without any exaltation. He brought down military prowess from the pedestal of solid "heroism", but at the same time exalted it like no one else. He showed that the brave man of a given moment, a minute before and a minute later, is the same person as everyone else: good - if he is always like that, petty, envious, dishonest - if he was like that, until circumstances demanded heroism from him. Destroying the idea of ​​​​military prowess in style, Tolstoy clearly exposed the greatness of the heroism of a simple, not draped in anything, but climbing forward, doing only what is necessary: ​​if necessary, hide like that, if necessary, die like that. For this, Tolstoy near Sevastopol fell infinitely in love with a simple soldier and in his person the whole Russian people in general.

Travel Europe

Tolstoy lived a noisy and cheerful life in St. Petersburg, where he was greeted with open arms both in high-society salons and in literary circles. He became especially close friends with Turgenev, with whom at one time he lived in the same apartment. Turgenev introduced Tolstoy into the circle "" and other literary luminaries: he became on friendly terms with Nekrasov, Goncharov, Grigorovich, Druzhinin,.

“After the hardships of Sevastopol, life in the capital had a double charm for a rich, cheerful, impressionable and sociable young man. Drinking parties and cards, carousing with Tolstoy took whole days and even nights ”(Levenfeld).

A cheerful life was not slow to leave a bitter aftertaste in Tolstoy's soul, especially since he began to have a strong discord with a circle of writers close to him. Even then he understood “what holiness is”, and therefore did not want to be satisfied, like some of his friends, with the fact that he was a “wonderful artist”, he could not recognize literary activity as something especially sublime, something that frees a person from the need to strive for self-improvement and devote himself entirely to the good of his neighbor. On this basis, fierce disputes arose, which were complicated by the fact that the always truthful and therefore often harsh Tolstoy did not hesitate to note traits of insincerity and affectation in his friends. As a result, "people got sick of him and he got sick of himself" - and at the beginning of 1857 Tolstoy, without any regret, left Petersburg and went abroad.

An unexpected impression was made on him -, - where Tolstoy spent only about a year and a half (in 1857 and 1860-61). In general, this impression was definitely negative. Indirectly, it was expressed in the fact that nowhere in his writings Tolstoy uttered some kind word about certain aspects of life abroad, nowhere did he set the cultural superiority of the West as an example for us. He directly expressed his disappointment in European life in the story "Lucerne". The underlying contrast between wealth and poverty in European society is captured here by Tolstoy with striking force. He was able to see it through the magnificent outer cover of European culture, because he never left the thought of organizing human life on the basis of brotherhood and.

Abroad, he was only interested in public education and institutions aimed at raising the level of the working population. He closely studied the issues of public education in Germany both theoretically and practically, and through conversations with specialists. Of the prominent people in Germany, he was most interested in him as the author of the "Black Forest Tales" dedicated to folk life and the publisher of folk calendars. Proud and reticent, never the first to seek acquaintance, Tolstoy made an exception for Auerbach, paid him a visit and tried to get close to him. During his stay in Tolstoy, he met with and.

Tolstoy's deeply serious mood during his second trip to the south was also facilitated by the fact that his beloved brother Nikolai died in his arms. The death of his brother made a huge impression on Tolstoy.

Pedagogical experiments

Tolstoy returned to Russia immediately and became a mediator. This was done least of all under the influence of the democratic currents of the sixties. At that time, they looked at the people as a younger brother who needed to be lifted up; Tolstoy thought, on the contrary, that the people are infinitely higher than the cultural classes, and that the masters must borrow the heights of spirit from the peasants. He actively took up the organization of schools in his Yasnaya Polyana and throughout the Krapivensky district.

The Yasnaya Polyana School is one of the most original pedagogical attempts ever made. In an era of boundless admiration for the latest German pedagogy, Tolstoy resolutely rebelled against any regulation in the school; the only method of teaching and education that he recognized was that no method was needed. Everything in teaching should be individual - and, and, and their mutual relationship. In the Yasnaya Polyana school, the children sat where they wanted, for as long as they wanted, and for as long as they wanted. There was no specific curriculum. The teacher's only job was to keep the class interested. The classes were going great. They were led by Tolstoy himself with the help of several permanent teachers and a few random ones, from the closest acquaintances and visitors.

This curious misunderstanding lasted for about 15 years, bringing together with Tolstoy such, for example, an organically opposite writer as. Only in 1875, in the article "and Count Tolstoy", striking with the brilliance of analysis and foreseeing Tolstoy's future activities, he described the spiritual image of the most original of Russian writers in a real light. The little attention that was paid to Tolstoy's pedagogical articles is partly due to the fact that little attention was paid to him at that time.

Apollon Grigoriev had the right to title his article about Tolstoy ("", g.) "Phenomena of Modern Literature Missed by Our Criticism." Extremely cordially meeting the debits and credits of Tolstoy and "Sevastopol Tales", recognizing in him the great hope of Russian literature (Druzhinin even used the epithet "brilliant" in relation to him), criticism then for 10-12 years, until the appearance of "War and Peace", not only ceases to recognize him as a very important writer, but somehow grows cold towards him. In an era when the interests of the minute and the party were in the foreground, this writer, who was interested only in eternal questions, did not capture.

Meanwhile, even before the appearance of War and Peace, Tolstoy provided material for criticism that was paramount. In "" there was a "Snowstorm" - a real artistic pearl in terms of its ability to interest the reader in a story about how someone traveled in a snowstorm from one postal station to another. There is no content, no plot at all, but all the little things of reality are depicted with amazing brightness, and the mood of the characters is reproduced. "Two Hussars" give an extremely colorful picture of the past and are written with that freedom of attitude to the plot, which is inherent only to great talents. It was easy to fall into the idealization of the former hussars with the charm that is characteristic of the elder Ilyin - but Tolstoy provided the dashing hussar with exactly the number of shadow sides that charming people actually have - and the epic shade was erased, the real truth remained. The same freedom of attitude is the main advantage of the story "The Morning of the Landowner".

To fully appreciate it, we must remember that it was published at the end of 1856 (Notes of the Fatherland, No. 12). Muzhiks at that time appeared in literature only in the form of Grigorovich's sentimental "peizans" and Turgenev's peasant figures, standing incomparably higher in a purely artistic sense, but undoubtedly elevated. In the muzhiks of The Morning of the Landowner there is not a shadow of idealization, just as there is not - and this is exactly what Tolstoy's creative freedom showed itself - and anything resembling anger against the muzhiks for the fact that they reacted with such little gratitude to good intentions his landowner. The whole task of the autobiographical confession was to show the groundlessness of Nekhlyud's attempt. The master's idea takes on a tragic character in the story "Polikushka" related to the same period; a person dies here because the lady who wants to be kind and just took it into her head to believe in the sincerity of repentance, and she entrusts the delivery of a large amount to the yard Polikushka, who is not completely dead, but not without reason, enjoying a bad reputation. Polikushka loses money and, out of despair that they will not believe him, that he really lost it, and did not steal it, hangs himself.

Among the stories and essays written by Tolstoy in the late 1850s are the above-mentioned "Lucerne" and excellent parallels: "Three Deaths", where the effeminacy of the nobility and its tenacious attachment to life are opposed by the simplicity and calmness with which the peasants die . The parallels end with the death of the tree, described with that pantheistic insight into the essence of the world process, which both here and later succeeded so splendidly by Tolstoy. This ability of Tolstoy to generalize the life of man, animals and "inanimate nature" into one concept of life in general received its highest artistic expression in the "History of the Horse" ("Strider"), published only in the 1870s, but written in 1860. Especially the final scene makes a stunning impression: full of tenderness and care for her wolf cubs, she tears pieces of meat from the body of the once famous horse Kholstomer, abandoned by the flayers, and then slaughtered for old age and uselessness, chews these pieces, then coughs them out and thus feeds the wolf cubs. Here the joyful pantheism of Platon Karataev (from War and Peace) has already been prepared, who is so deeply convinced that life is a cycle, that the death and misfortunes of one are replaced by the fullness of life and joy for another, and that this is what the world order consists of, from century unchanged.

Family

In the late 1850s, Tolstoy met (1844-1919), the daughter of a Moscow doctor from the Baltic Germans. He was already in his fourth decade, Sofya Andreevna was only 17 years old. It seemed to him that this difference was very great, that even if his love were crowned with reciprocity, the marriage would be unhappy and sooner or later the young woman would fall in love with another, also young and not “obsolete” person. Based on a personal motive that worried him, he writes his first novel, "Family Happiness", in which the plot develops precisely along this path.

In reality, Tolstoy's novel played out quite differently. Having endured the passion for Sophia in his heart for three years, Tolstoy married her in the fall, and the greatest fullness of family happiness fell to his lot, which only happens on earth. In the person of his wife, he found not only the most faithful and devoted friend, but also an indispensable assistant in all matters, practical and literary. Seven times, she rewrote endlessly the works he reworked, supplemented and corrected, moreover, a kind of transcripts, that is, thoughts that were not finally agreed, words and phrases that were not completed, under her experienced hand in deciphering this kind of hand, often received a clear and definite expression. For Tolstoy, the brightest period of his life is coming - intoxication with personal happiness, very significant due to practicality, material well-being, the greatest, easily given tension of literary creativity and, in connection with it, unprecedented fame all-Russian, and then worldwide.

Recognized by the critics of the whole world as the greatest epic work of new European literature, War and Peace is already striking from a purely technical point of view with the size of its fictional canvas. Only in painting can one find some parallel in the huge paintings in the Doge's Palace in Venice, where hundreds of faces are also painted with amazing distinctness and individual expression. In Tolstoy's novel, all classes of society are represented, from emperors and kings to the last soldier, all ages, all temperaments, and in the space of an entire reign.

On December 6, 1908, Tolstoy wrote in his diary: “People love me for those trifles - War and Peace, etc., which seem very important to them.”

In the summer of 1909, one of the visitors to Yasnaya Polyana expressed his delight and gratitude for the creation of War and Peace and Anna Karenina. Tolstoy replied: “It’s the same as someone coming to the house and saying: “I respect you very much because you dance the mazurka well.” I attribute meaning to my completely different books (religious ones!).”

In the sphere of material interests, he began to say to himself: “Well, well, you will have 6,000 acres in - 300 heads of horses, and then?”; in the literary sphere: "Well, well, you will be more glorious than Gogol, Shakespeare, Moliere, all the writers in the world - so what!". Starting to think about raising children, he asked himself: “why?”; discussing “how the people can achieve prosperity,” he “suddenly said to himself: what does it matter to me?” In general, he "felt that what he stood on had given way, that what he had lived for was gone." The natural result was the thought of .

“I, a happy man, hid the cord from me so as not to hang myself on the crossbar between the cabinets in my room, where I was alone every day, undressing, and stopped going hunting with a gun, so as not to be tempted by a too easy way to rid myself of life. I myself did not know what I wanted: I was afraid of life, strove to get away from it and, meanwhile, hoped for something else from it.

religious quest

In order to find an answer to the questions and doubts that tormented him, Tolstoy first of all took up the study and wrote and published in 1891 in Geneva "Study of Dogmatic Theology", in which he criticized Orthodox dogmatic theology in five volumes. He began to conduct conversations with and, went to the elders in, read theological treatises, studied languages ​​​​(a Moscow rabbi helped him in studying the latter) in order to know the original sources in the original. At the same time, he looked closely at, became close to a thoughtful peasant, talked with,. With the same feverishness he sought the meaning of life in the study of philosophy and in acquaintance with the results of the exact sciences. He made a series of attempts at greater and greater simplification, striving to live a life close to nature and agricultural life.

Gradually he gives up the whims and comforts of a rich life, does a lot of physical labor, dresses in the simplest clothes, becomes, gives his family all his large fortune, renounces the rights of literary property. On this basis of an unalloyed pure impulse and striving for moral improvement, the third period of Tolstoy's literary activity is created, the distinguishing feature of which is the denial of all established forms of state, social and religious life. A significant part of Tolstoy's views could not be openly expressed in Russia and are fully presented only in foreign editions of his religious and social treatises.

No unanimous attitude was established even in relation to Tolstoy's fictional works written during this period. Thus, in a long series of short stories and legends intended primarily for popular reading (“How do people live”, etc.), Tolstoy, in the opinion of his unconditional admirers, reached the pinnacle of artistic power - that elemental skill that is given only to folk tales, because that they embody the creativity of an entire people. On the contrary, in the opinion of people who are indignant at Tolstoy for turning from an artist into one, these artistic teachings, written with a specific purpose, are grossly tendentious. The high and terrible truth of The Death of Ivan Ilyich, according to fans, which puts this work along with the main works of the genius of Tolstoy, according to others, is deliberately harsh, deliberately sharply emphasizes the soullessness of the upper strata of society in order to show the moral superiority of a simple "kitchen peasant" Gerasim. The explosion of the most opposite feelings, caused by the analysis of marital relations and the indirect demand for abstinence from married life, made me forget about the amazing brightness and passion with which this story was written. The folk drama The Power of Darkness, in the opinion of Tolstoy's admirers, is a great manifestation of his artistic power: in the narrow framework of the ethnographic reproduction of Russian peasant life, Tolstoy managed to fit so many universal features that the drama went around all the stages of the world with tremendous success. But for others, Akim alone, with his indisputably one-sided and tendentious condemnations of urban life, is enough to declare the whole work immeasurably tendentious.

Finally, in relation to Tolstoy's last major work - the novel "" - fans do not find enough words to admire the completely youthful freshness of feeling and passion shown by the 70-year-old author, the ruthlessness in depicting judicial and high society life, the complete originality of the first reproduction in Russian literature world of political criminals. Opponents of Tolstoy emphasize the pallor of the protagonist - Nekhlyudov, harshness in relation to the depravity of the upper classes and the "state church" (in response to which the Synod issued the so-called "", opening the accompanying public and journalistic conflict).

In general, opponents of the last phase of Tolstoy's literary and preaching activity find that his artistic power has certainly suffered from the predominance of theoretical interests, and that creativity is now only necessary for Tolstoy to propagate his socio-religious views in a generally accessible form. In his aesthetic treatise (“On Art”), one can find enough material to declare Tolstoy an enemy of art: in addition to the fact that Tolstoy here partly completely denies, partly significantly diminishes artistic significance (at the performance of Hamlet, he experienced “special suffering” for this is a “false likeness of works of art”), etc., he directly comes to the conclusion that “the more we give ourselves to beauty, the more we move away from good.”

Excommunication

In response to an indignant letter from the wife of Lev Nikolaevich Sofya Andreevna Tolstaya, written by her about the publication of the Synod's decision in the newspapers, St. Petersburg wrote: “Gracious Empress Countess Sofia Andreevna! It’s not cruel what the Synod did when it announced your husband’s falling away from the Church, but what he did to himself when he renounced his faith in Jesus Christ, the Son of the Living God, our Redeemer and Savior, is cruel. It was on this renunciation that your bitter indignation should have poured out long ago. And not from a scrap, of course, of printed paper, your husband perishes, but from the fact that he turned away from the Source of eternal life. .

... The fact that I renounced the Church that calls itself Orthodox is absolutely fair. But I renounced it not because I rebelled against the Lord, but on the contrary, only because I wanted to serve him with all the strength of my soul. Before I renounced the Church and unity with the people, which was inexpressibly dear to me, I doubted the correctness of the Church by some signs and devoted several years to researching theoretically and practically the teachings of the Church: theoretically, I re-read everything I could about the teachings of the Church, studied and critically analyzed dogmatic theology; in practice, he strictly followed, for more than a year, all the prescriptions of the Church, observing all fasts and attending all church services. And I became convinced that the teaching of the Church is theoretically an insidious and harmful lie, but in practice it is a collection of the grossest superstitions and sorcery, which completely hides the whole meaning of Christian teaching.

... The fact that I reject the incomprehensible Trinity and the fable about the fall of the first man, which has no meaning in our time, the blasphemous story about God, who was born from the Virgin, who redeems the human race, is completely fair. God - the Spirit, God - love, the only God - the beginning of everything, not only do I not reject, but I do not recognize anything really existing, except God, and I see the whole meaning of life only in the fulfillment of the will of God, expressed in Christian teaching.

... It is also said: "Does not recognize the afterlife and bribes." If we understand life after death in the sense of the second coming, hell with eternal torment, devils, and paradise - permanent bliss, then it is quite fair that I do not recognize such an afterlife; but I acknowledge eternal life and retribution here and everywhere, now and always, to such an extent that, standing on the edge of the grave in my years, I often have to make efforts not to desire carnal death, that is, birth to a new life, and I believe that every good deed increases the true good of my eternal life, and every evil deed reduces it.

… It is also said that I reject all sacraments. This is absolutely fair. I consider all the sacraments base, rude, inconsistent with the concept of God and Christian teaching, witchcraft and, moreover, a violation of the most direct instructions of the Gospel ...

In infant baptism, I see a clear perversion of all the meaning that baptism could have for adults who consciously accept Christianity; in the performance of the sacrament of marriage over people who were obviously united before, and in the permission of divorces and in the consecration of divorced marriages, I see a direct violation of both the meaning and the letter of the gospel teaching. In the periodic forgiveness of sins at confession, I see a harmful deception that only encourages immorality and destroys the fear of sinning. In unction, as well as in chrismation, I see methods of gross witchcraft, as well as in the veneration of icons and relics, as well as in all those rites, prayers, spells with which the breviary is filled. In communion I see the deification of the flesh and the perversion of Christian teaching. In the priesthood, besides a clear preparation for deceit, I see a direct violation of the words of Christ, which expressly forbids anyone to be called teachers, fathers, mentors (Matt. XXIII, 8-10). Finally, it is said, as the last and highest degree of my guilt, that I, "cursing over the most sacred objects of faith, did not shudder to mock the most sacred of the sacraments - the Eucharist."

The fact that I did not shudder to describe simply and objectively what the priest does to prepare this so-called sacrament is completely just; but the fact that this so-called sacrament is something sacred, and that it is blasphemy to describe it simply as it is done, is completely unjust. It is not blasphemy to call a partition, a partition, and not an iconostasis, and a cup a cup, and not a chalice, etc., but the most terrible, incessant, outrageous blasphemy lies in the fact that people, using all possible means of deception and hypnotization - they assure children and simple people that if you cut pieces of bread in a certain way and while pronouncing certain words and put them in wine, then God enters into these pieces; and that the one in whose name a living piece is taken out will be healthy; in the name of whom such a piece is taken out of the deceased, then it will be better for him in the next world; and that whoever has eaten this piece, God Himself will enter into him.

The famous story "Anathema" is devoted to the theme of Leo Tolstoy's excommunication from the church.

Philosophy

Leo Tolstoy was the founder of the movement, one of the fundamental theses of which is the Gospel “non-resistance to evil by force”.

This position of non-resistance is fixed, according to Tolstoy, in numerous places and is the core of the doctrine, as, indeed, and.

Moscow census of 1882. L. N. Tolstoy - participant in the census

The 1882 census in Moscow is famous for the fact that the great writer Count L. N. Tolstoy took part in it. Lev Nikolaevich wrote: "I suggested using the census in order to find out poverty in Moscow and help it with business and money, and make sure that there were no poor in Moscow."

Tolstoy believed that the interest and significance of the census for society is that it gives it a mirror in which you want it, you don’t want it, the whole society and each of us will look. He chose for himself one of the most difficult and difficult sections, Protochny Lane, where there was a rooming house, among the Moscow squalor, this gloomy two-story building was called the Rzhanov Fortress. Having received an order from the Duma, a few days before the census, Tolstoy began to walk around the site according to the plan that he was given. Indeed, the dirty rooming house, filled with destitute, desperate people who had sunk to the very bottom, served as a mirror for Tolstoy, reflecting the terrible poverty of the people. Under the fresh impression of what he saw, L. N. Tolstoy wrote his famous article "On the census in Moscow." In this article, he writes:

The purpose of the census is scientific. The census is a sociological study. The goal of the science of sociology is the happiness of people. "This science and its methods differ sharply from other sciences. The peculiarity is that sociological research is not carried out by the work of scientists in their offices, observatories and laboratories, but is carried out by two thousand people from society. Another feature "that research in other sciences is carried out not on living people, but here on living people. The third feature is that the goal of other sciences is only knowledge, but here the benefit of people. Foggy spots can be explored alone, but to explore Moscow, 2000 people are needed. The purpose of the study fog spots only to learn everything about fog spots, the purpose of the study of residents is to derive the laws of sociology and on the basis of these laws establish a better life for people. Moscow cares, especially those unfortunates who make up the most interesting subject of the science of sociology. basement, finds a man dying of starvation and politely asks: title, name, patronymic, occupation; and after a slight hesitation as to whether to list him as alive, he writes it down and passes on.

Despite Tolstoy's declared good intentions of the census, the population was suspicious of this event. On this occasion, Tolstoy writes: “When they explained to us that the people had already learned about the rounds of the apartments and were leaving, we asked the owner to lock the gate, and we ourselves went to the yard to persuade the people who were leaving.” Lev Nikolaevich hoped to arouse sympathy for urban poverty in the rich, to raise money, to recruit people who wanted to contribute to this cause, and together with the census to go through all the dens of poverty. In addition to fulfilling the duties of a copyist, the writer wanted to enter into communication with the unfortunate, find out the details of their needs and help them with money and work, expulsion from Moscow, placing children in schools, old men and women in shelters and almshouses.

According to the results of the census, the population of Moscow in 1882 amounted to 753.5 thousand people, and only 26% were born in Moscow, and the rest were “newcomers”. Of the Moscow residential apartments, 57% faced the street, 43% faced the yard. From the 1882 census, one can find out that in 63% the head of the household is a married couple, in 23% - the wife, and only in 14% - the husband. The census recorded 529 families with 8 or more children. 39% have servants and most often they are women.

The last years of Leo Tolstoy's life

Grave of Leo Tolstoy

Tormented by his belonging to high society, the opportunity to live better than the peasants who were nearby, Tolstoy in October, fulfilling his decision to live his last years in accordance with his views, renouncing the "circle of the rich and scientists." He began his last journey at the station. On the way, he fell ill and was forced to stop at a small station (now Leo Tolstoy,), where he died.

Criticism of Tolstoy

Bibliography

• Childhood - a story, 1852
• Adolescence - a story, 1854
• Sevastopol stories - 1855

• "Sevastopol in December"
• "Sevastopol in May"
• "Sevastopol in August 1855"

• Blizzard - short story, 1856
• Two Hussars - a story, 1856
• Youth is a story, 1857
• Albert - story, 1858
• Family happiness - a novel, 1859
• Polikushka - a story, 1863
• Cossacks - story, 1863

Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy was born on September 9, 1828 in the Tula province. He was the fourth child in a noble family. His father, Count Nikolai Ilyich, and mother, Maria Nikolaevna, died early. From his parents, Lev Nikolayevich inherited a kind character, a love of reading, children and nature. He spent his childhood on his mother's estate, Yasnaya Polyana.
The writer kept a diary throughout his life. There he wrote down everything that happened to him. Lev Nikolaevich studied oriental languages, jurisprudence, was interested in agriculture, studied music and painting. Participated in the Crimean War.

Proverbs.
A proverb is a commonly used short figurative saying that reflects the life experience accumulated by the people and has an instructive meaning. The famous Russian writer and ethnographer Vladimir Ivanovich Dal wrote that proverbs are “a set of folk wisdom and superstition, these are groans and sighs, weeping and sobbing, joy and fun, sorrow and consolation in faces; it is the color of the people's mind, the original article; this is the worldly truth of the people, a kind of lawsuit, not judged by anyone.

Russian riddles, proverbs and sayings are an invaluable cultural heritage of the people, a storehouse of their wisdom and experience. It is very important to acquaint young readers with Russian folklore, to introduce them to universal moral values. Telling children about the meaning and application of proverbs and sayings, we expand their horizons, educate them in interest in folk culture, everything that was created by the Russian people over many centuries and passed down from generation to generation.

Content
Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy
Proverbs
The raven flew over the sea, did not become smarter
A stupid bird is not nice to its home
Don't die twice
Bread is mined with iron
The cat knows whose meat it ate
Know your cricket hearth
If you believe in Altyn, they will not believe in the ruble
Ours spun, and yours slept
A small drop, but a stone hammers
Not for that the wolf is beaten, that the
Good is not sought from good
Chased an ax - missed an ax
Family porridge boils thicker
Dog in the manger
Playful sheep - self-interest to the wolf
Puzzles.

Free download e-book in a convenient format, watch and read:
Download the book Proverbs and riddles, Tolstoy LN, 2014 - fileskachat.com, fast and free download.

• Russian literature, grade 8, Andriyanova T.N., Filimonova E.R., 2018
• Russian literature, grade 6, Rygalova L.S., Berdenova D.A., Erimbetova S.Zh., 2018
• Russian Literature, Grade 7, Part 2, Petrovskaya L.K., Mushinskaya T.F., 2010
• Russian Literature, Grade 7, Part 2, Zakharova S.N., Petrovskaya L.K., 2017

The following tutorials and books.

Language is the highest achievement of mankind. Thousands of years were needed to create a verbal way of communication, and with each new step it improved, turning into a language that is an integral part of our lives.

The importance of language for a person

It is impossible to imagine a society that is deprived of communication. Our whole life is built on it: the transfer of information, religion, culture, state, laws, and so on. If language disappeared, humanity would cease to be a society, and knowing that the social factor plays a big role in the formation of a person, one can even argue: a person would remain a person. History knows thousands of names of those who have risen among their own kind thanks to their work and achievements in one area or another. They, changing the world for the better, understood the importance of solidarity like no one else.

The statements of great people about the Russian language are still as relevant now as they were centuries ago, because they remind us again and again that the Russian language not only has a huge history, but is also considered one of the most melodic and at the same time complex in the world.

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev's words about the Russian language

A man with a capital letter, the one who gave the world such works as "Fathers and Sons", "First Love", "Mumu", Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev has repeatedly emphasized the power of the Russian language. Taking him as his main weapon, Turgenev defended his principles and through literature inspired the people to unwaveringly stand for common values. In June 1882, Ivan Sergeevich wrote words that are rightfully included in the top 5 statements about the Russian language of great people and, undoubtedly, fully reflects how much he admired him. They sound like this: “You are my only support, O great, mighty, truthful and free Russian language!”. Being a person who treated the Russian language with great respect and love, he was against the use of "foreign" words and tried to spread these principles to the people. He protected what belongs to the Russian people, tried with all his might to protect these values, isolating them from the influence of other cultures. Ivan Sergeevich demonstrated admiration for the Russian language with his work. He was faithful to him, he served him and truly protected him.

Quotes and Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin - a name that every Slav knows, and which spread not only throughout Europe, but throughout the world, was proud of the Russian language and recognized it as the most valuable shrine of our people. He owned it exquisitely, sharply and so competently, which allowed him to bring into the world "Eugene Onegin", "The Captain's Daughter", "Ruslan and Lyudmila" and many other works, when reading which you are once again convinced of the talent of Alexander Sergeevich and the power of the Russian language . But, realizing that people themselves can disfigure beauty, he said: “Our beautiful language, under the pen of ignorant writers, is quickly approaching a fall.” For Pushkin, the language was the main weapon, which, if used correctly, ensured victory in any battle. But for the great connoisseurs of the language, listening and seeing how it lends itself to mangling is a real torture.

The sayings of great people about the Russian language are something that even in the darkest times feeds the strength of the people. Whether it be poetry or prose, these phrases are imprinted in the memory, at the right moment they are mentally resurrected in order to re-fill about those who served the Russian language, and re-fill the heart with pride for them.

Leo Tolstoy's words about the Russian language

"Anna Karenina", "War and Peace", "Cossacks" - all these pearls of Russian literature say that Leo Tolstoy saw the Russian language in his own way, but no less beautifully. He wielded it gracefully, took advantage of its flexibility and created masterpieces that turned into the best sayings of the greats about the Russian language. Lev Nikolaevich saw these many facets of the Russian language. Applying it in different cases in his own way, he not only demonstrated what the Russian language can be like when it is "in the hands" of a true master of the word, but also how different character can be given to one's statement, based on the richness of the language.

But no matter how loud and passionate the statements of great people about the Russian language sound, it will always be in the soul of the people as something that will always help in difficult times. As Lev Nikolaevich said: "... the native language will always remain native."

Sayings of Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov about the Russian language

Being a man who presented Russian literature with many poetic works and oratorical prose, Mikhail Vasilyevich understood the uniqueness of the Russian language and its inimitable beauty. Interesting statements of prominent writers about the Russian language begin precisely with the words of Lomonosov. They are listed below.

Phrases of Anton Pavlovich Chekhov about the Russian language

When the statements of great people about the Russian language again reminded of its greatness and originality, Anton Pavlovich Chekhov carried other truths in his words. He said that the language, no matter what pedestal it stands on, must first of all remain simple. His words “Beware of the refined language. The language must be simple and elegant” reflect the principles of Chekhov, which he adhered to and which he displayed in his work. At the same time, paying attention to the simplicity of speech, he did not confirm the simplicity of its possession. The main truth that he carried through life and which he left to new generations is that, in his opinion, every person should devote a lot of time to mastering the Russian language and learning how to speak correctly, because this is the main difference between an intelligent person.

Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy- the great Russian classic writer, author of the world masterpieces "War and Peace" and "Anna Karenina".

It was a glorious aristocratic family with an ancient history and roots, where on one of the last warm days of 1828 the little burly Leo happened to be born. Loving each other parents - the nobles Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy and Maria Nikolaevna Volkonskaya - were waiting for the girl, but the boy came out again, the fourth already in a row. The Yasnaya Polyana estate in the Krapivensky district of the Tula province, where everyone lived, belonged to Maria Nikolaevna. Nikolai Ilyich, on the other hand, had a hard time with finances due to the scams of his father, the Kazan governor, who died in prison. Before his marriage, he was a military man, boldly entered into battle with the Napoleonic troops, more than once risked his life, was captured, then fled from him. He retired with the rank of colonel. Leo had just begun to take the first steps, just to distinguish between parents, as his mother dies after giving birth to that very long-awaited daughter. The girl was named after her - Mary. Five children needed female care and attention. Therefore, they were taken care of by kindred aunts. But, of course, no one could give true maternal love to children. And my father was always busy. He was so shaken that he once fell unconscious on the street and died. Leo was only nine years old. But these years have already been enough to remember, to capture in the heart forever the image of the father.

Leo Tolstoy in childhood

Teachers were assigned to the children at home. But due to the constant loss of loved ones, they were often given concessions. Therefore, when at the age of fifteen Lev went to enter Kazan University, he was accepted, but could not study. Then he was transferred from the department of Oriental languages ​​to a simpler one - legal. But even here he could not resist. So he returned home to Yasnaya Polyana, deciding to devote himself to farming and philosophy. Reading the works of Rousseau and Montesquieu, he kept his own diary, where he reflected on life, the goals of a person, what he is and what he should become. But soon Tolstoy exchanged the quiet rural nature and friendship with the peasants for the capital's secular evenings. Being a modest character and unsightly appearance, he was not very successful in presenting himself beautifully at balls among the city public. He began to compensate for the lack of female attention with revels with friends and card games. But periodically he forced himself to sit down for textbooks in order to return to the university and pass the final exams. And then suddenly became interested in playing the piano. He knew how to play before, but now he became especially friends with a certain musician Rudolf. And all the melodies of Bach, Chopin, Schubert were heard with four hands in the district of Yasnaya Polyana ... Composer Sergei Taneyev even later recorded on the stave "Waltz", composed by Tolstoy and Rudolf.

Knowing about Leo's slightly riotous lifestyle, his elder brother Nikolai tried for a long time to invite him to his place in the Caucasus. But he didn't succeed at all. The case helped - the guy lost a very large amount of money, why he urgently fled to Pyatigorsk, where he rethought his behavior from the outside. In 1851, having passed the preliminary exam, Tolstoy was enrolled as a cadet in an artillery brigade. Living in a Cossack village, far from home, the young man remembered his diary entries and took up his pen again. But now he has mastered the work of art. He named it “Childhood” and sent it to Sovremennik anonymously, indicating only his initials. Nikolay Nekrasov, the editor of the magazine, highly appreciated the talented prose and published it in just a couple of months. From that moment on, the story "Childhood" became on a par with the works of such eminent authors as Ivan Goncharov and many others. Dr. Encouraged Tolstoy immediately sits down to write a sequel in between battles. His courage in battles was repeatedly noted by the authorities. He was even presented for the award of the St. George Cross. However, not wanting to be considered conceited, the heroic cadet refused the cross in favor of a fellow soldier in need.

Leo Tolstoy during his service in the Caucasus

Tolstoy put his impressions of the Crimean War on paper and sent it to the same Sovremennik. Nekrasov was already waiting with interest for letters from a distant officer and immediately published stories. So, one of them about Sevastopol in 1854 was read by Emperor Nicholas I himself and showed his favor to the author. And the rewards rained down on Tolstoy, and everything would have gone well further if he had not taken up rhyme. Having composed soldiers' songs, where the highest general ranks were not presented in a very favorable light, Tolstoy was unpretentiously sent to St. Petersburg by courier.

In the northern capital, the novice writer quickly became friends with successful writers. Moreover, he had to stay at the apartment of Ivan Turgenev himself! But again, the old city sprees captured an almost 30-year-old man in their arms. In the circle of philologists, he felt not quite equal, since he did not have the appropriate education. Therefore, I tried to avoid specific discussions on literary topics. In general, feeling himself somewhat alien here, Tolstoy decided to travel around Europe. True, foreign places did not happen to his liking - the gulf between rich and poor was too huge. He spends all his free time on manuscripts, in particular, on the “Cossacks” started back in the Caucasus.

The return home was, however, not very joyful. In Leo's arms, his brother Nikolai dies, who has always taken care of him more than others. Hardly enduring the loss, Tolstoy began to think about marriage and again left for Europe. This time he managed to meet Alexander Herzen in London and listen to the lecture himself. But Tolstoy broke with literary circles in Russia, as it turned out, for a long ten years, because of a quarrel with Turgenev. He maintained relations only with.

L.N. Tolstoy, 1862

The abolition of serfdom aroused conflicting feelings in Tolstoy: he already respected the peasants and valued their mental and practical abilities above the aristocrats. But then God himself ordered to do good deeds - and Tolstoy opens peasant schools. Moreover, the Yasnaya Polyana schools were distinguished by the atomosphere of an individual approach to everyone and complete freedom of action. He did not limit himself to this, but undertook to publish the pedagogical journal Yasnaya Polyana, where he attacked Western methods, and therefore was classified by readers as “conservatives”.

Having found a great friend in the person of his wife Sofya Andreevna Bers, Tolstoy moved away from education and delved into the process of raising his children, as well as writing the global epic novel War and Peace. Perceived "with a bang" by the reader of the volume after their completion, the author himself called a trifle and verbose rubbish. But without realizing it, he surpassed almost all the writers of the world in the depth and scope of the story. Colossal success came to Lev Nikolaevich. Inspired and surprised by it, he implemented another long-standing idea - the tragic novel Anna Karenina. But plunging into this story, he himself voluntarily went into depression. Increasingly, he wanted to help poor people, give away all the property, give up the acquired benefits. He repeatedly walked from Yasnaya Polyana to Moscow on foot, fundamentally not using transport. He opened almost two hundred canteens, where he fed the poor. And turned to God. For several years, Leo Tolstoy went to church, kept fasts, but in the end did not find what he was looking for, and not having found, he decided to renounce religion, explaining this as follows: “I do not want to be a Christian, as I did not advise and would not like so that there are Brahminists, Buddhists, Confucianists, Taoists, Mohammedans and others. We must all find, each in our own faith, that which is common to all, and, renouncing the exclusive, our own, hold on to that which is common. He also published the work of art "Resurrection" on this subject. The Orthodox Church responded by excommunicating him from the church.

L.N. Tolstoy with his family having tea in Yasnaya Polyana, 1892

At 82, Lev Nikolaevich went for a walk around the world. Alexander's youngest daughter has always been his assistant, and this time she volunteered to accompany her father. But, unfortunately, near the Astapovo station in the Lipetsk region, Tolstoy felt unwell due to a complication of a cold. His last words to his son before leaving for another world were the words that he loves everyone. He really was a kind-hearted man. He was buried at the edge of the forest in Yasnaya Polyana, where once, as a child, he and his brother were looking for a magic "green wand" that could make all people happy. Thousands of people came to say goodbye to their friend and count, who proved all his life that he is the same as any of the poorest peasants, who loves nature and all life on earth.

After the 1917 revolution, almost all eight children of Leo Tolstoy emigrated abroad. The younger Alexandra - first to Japan, then to the USA, where she lectured about her father all her long life, glorifying his good name.