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Ivan Zakharovich Surikov (1841-1880) - Russian self-taught poet, a brilliant representative of "peasant" poetry, was born in the village of Novoselovo, Yaroslavl province. Until the age of nine, the boy grew up practically without a father, and only in 1849 Ivan and his mother moved to Moscow to the head of the family.

Ivan grew up as a quiet and sickly boy, the calmness of the village way of life, clean air and the beauty of the surrounding landscapes benefited the boy's mental and physical health. Moving to Moscow adversely affected the child's condition, he began to get sick more and became even more withdrawn into himself. Upon arrival in the capital, the parents sent Ivan to learn to read and write to the Finogenov sisters. In addition to the usual reading and writing, they gave the boy lessons in the Law of God and Church Slavonic. Thanks to the acquired skills, Ivan quickly became addicted to reading, he avidly read all the literature offered to him by teachers and neighbors. When the boy first picked up a collection of poems (these were Dmitriev's fables), he felt an interest and attraction to poetry. Unfortunately, my father did not share the hobbies of the future poet and made him a merchant in his vegetable shop.

Despite the lack of support, an irresistible love of reading and versification bore fruit - Ivan wrote his first poem, and by 1857 a whole collection of amateur, but very talented poetic opuses had appeared in his notebook. Not all poets who got acquainted with Surikov's work gave him laudatory reviews, but criticism did not oppress the young man at all, he enthusiastically continued to improve his poetic skills.

Soon, trouble came to the Surikov family - the head of the family went broke and washed down. Ivan was forced to take a hard job with his uncle. There was no time for creativity at all. Unable to withstand the hardships of hired labor, Ivan and his mother sell the remaining property, rent a tiny apartment and start buying and selling scrap and coal.

Having corrected his financial situation, Surikov returns to his favorite pastimes - reading and poetry. Acquaintance with the famous poet Pleshcheev gave impetus to the further self-development of the young man. In 1863, one of Surikov's poems was published in Miller's famous magazine Entertainment.

Years of hardship

After the sudden death of his mother, a heavily drinking father with a grumpy stepmother returns to Surikov, and Ivan, unable to withstand the terrible situation in his own house, becomes a wanderer, constantly vegetating in search of at least some kind of work. Soon, Surikov's plays began to be published in the magazines Illustrated Newspaper, Family and School, Entertainment, Sunday Leisure - the poet's fame began to grow along with his poetic skill. In 1871, his first poetry collection was published, including 54 works. A few years later, the poet became a member of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature.

Being self-taught himself, Ivan decides to support his fellows in the field of poetry - amateur poets, descendants of their common people. Together they created a literary and musical circle and published the almanac "Dawn". Several ingenious poems were set to music ("The steppe, and the steppe all around", "Dubinushka"), and Tchaikovsky himself addressed one of them ("Was I not a blade of grass in the field").

The year 1875 was marked for Surikov by the publication of the second collection of his works. It was the apotheosis of the talented writer’s poetic career. Hard work and a life full of painful hardships undermined the already fragile health of Ivan Zakharovich. Despite the treatment, organized with money that was raised from the publication of the 3rd collection of poems, on April 24, 1884, Ivan Surikov dies of consumption.

The Russian painter Vasily Ivanovich Surikov was born on January 24, 1848. The artist's historical canvases are difficult to understand without knowing the specific events of Russian history depicted on them. Find out what Surikov's paintings tell us about

Painting "Morning of the Streltsy Execution" tells about the massacre of the archers after the unsuccessful riot of 1698.

In March 1698, Peter I's sister, Princess Sophia, imprisoned in the Novodevichy Convent, during her brother's two-year departure to Europe, announced that she had been replaced by Peter. 2,200 archers, who were camped in Azov, raised a riot and arbitrarily arrived in Moscow to elevate princess Sofya Alekseevna to the throne. The boyars loyal to Peter I sent four regiments and noble cavalry against the archers. The rebels were captured. Peter I, who urgently returned from abroad, headed the “great search” himself. On October 10, 1698, torture and executions of the rebel archers began in Moscow. Peter cut off the heads of five with his own hands. Dozens were hanged, hundreds were exiled. In total, about 2,000 archers were executed. The bodies of the executed were ordered to be left at the places of massacres until the end of the winter of 1699. By a special decree of Peter on Red Square and near the graves of the executed, stone tetrahedral "pillars" were erected on which all the crimes of the rebels were inscribed. Relatives of the archers were doomed to exile - their Moscow houses were sold or given away. The repressions also affected the rifle regiments that did not participate in the uprising. They were disbanded, and the archers with their families were expelled from Moscow to other cities and enrolled in the townspeople.

The main character of the picture "Boyarynya Morozova"- a historical person. Feodosia Prokopyevna Morozova, who is revered by the Old Believers as a saint, was a representative of a noble and wealthy boyar family close to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.

Boyarynya Morozova was a staunch opponent of the church reforms of Patriarch Nikon, together with the persecuted Archpriest Avvakum, she defended the old faith. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich punished the rebellious noblewoman more than once, taking away and returning her estates. The friendship and intercession of Tsarina Maria Ilyinichna saved Feodosia Prokopyevna from more severe punishments. At the end of 1670, after a secret tonsure as a nun under the name of Theodora, Morozova began to withdraw from the royal court. When in January 1671 she refused to participate in the wedding of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and Natalya Naryshkina, sovereign anger fell upon her. By order of the tsar, after interrogation, Theodosia was first shackled, leaving her under arrest in the basement of her house, and then tortured on a rack, seeking to renounce schism. A bonfire was already ready to burn the rebellious boyar, but Theodosia was saved by the murmur of the boyars, outraged by the possibility of the execution of one of the noble women of the Muscovite kingdom, and the intercession of the Tsar's sister, Princess Irina. After several years of exile in 1675, Morozova, deprived of honor and property, was sent to a distant monastery and imprisoned in an earthen prison, ordered to starve. 43-year-old Theodosia Morozova died of exhaustion in November 1675. Her young son died in Moscow, left without a mother, the brothers were sent into exile, and fourteen servants who remained faithful to her were burnt in the log house. Tradition speaks of the character of the boyaryn: feeling an imminent death, she asked before the jailer's death for permission to wash her shirt in the river so that, according to the old Russian custom, she would die in a clean shirt.

"Boyarynya Morozova" is one of the most dramatic paintings by Surikov

Painting by Vasily Surikov Stepan Razin- another historical excursion into the distant past. The painting depicts a fragment from the legend about Razin and the Persian princess. A plow with the chieftain and his free squad floats across the Volga expanses. The robbers are having fun, and only Razin is immersed in deep thought. The painting on the left shows an inconspicuous water funnel that swallowed the beautiful captive. It is no coincidence that a young rower in a red shirt looks intently at this whirlpool with such regret.

How did the young Persian princess end up among the Russian Cossacks?

In the spring of 1668, the Cossack detachments led by Razin set off on a campaign to the Caspian Sea, to Persia. The worried Shah Suleiman sent the Russian tsar a letter announcing the attack of the thieves' Cossacks. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich gave the go-ahead to the Persians to kill the Russian Cossacks "without mercy." In response, the Razins took the city of Farabat, but were attacked by the large Shah's fleet. There was a battle that went down in history as the Battle of the Pig Island. To encircle the Cossack fleet, the Persians chained their ships. The Cossacks took advantage of this mistake and sank the enemy's flagship, and the entire Persian fleet went down. It was in this battle that the son and daughter of the commander of the Persian fleet were captured by the robbers. The daughter was that Persian princess whom Stepan Razin subsequently, as it is sung in a famous song, drowned in the Volga.

"Passage of Suvorov through the Alps" glorifies the feat of the Suvorovites in the Russian-French war of 1798-1800. On September 21, 1799, the troops of Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov set out on the Swiss campaign, in which the Russian troops were to cross the Alps from Northern Italy to Austria. Suvorov planned his route in order to strike at the flank and rear of the French, using his traditional technique of speed and onslaught. To unexpectedly attack the enemy, Suvorov chose the shortest but most difficult path through the St. Gotthard mountain pass. The transition took place in the most difficult conditions with heavy losses: daily skirmishes with the enemy, snow-capped mountains on the way of the troops, the betrayal of the Austrians. But in the words of Suvorov himself: "The Russian bayonet broke through the Alps," inflicting a tangible blow on the French. The Swiss campaign went down in history as one of the greatest military campaigns of Alexander Suvorov. In 1799, it was for crossing the Alps that Suvorov received the rank of Generalissimo of all Russian troops from Emperor Paul I. And at the place of events, in the Alps, a 12-meter granite cross was carved in honor of the feat of the Russian troops.

The tragic fate of the family of His Serene Highness Prince Menshikov served as a plot for Surikov's painting "Menshikov in Berezovo".

The fall of the favorite of Peter I, Alexander Danilovich Menshikov, as well as his rise to fame and fortune, was rapid. After the death of the tsar, who elevated a simple pie merchant to the Most Serene Prince, and the death of Catherine I, under whom Menshikov was the de facto ruler of Russia, the power of the “half-sovereign ruler” began to lose power. In a last attempt to hold on to power, Menshikov betrothed to his daughter Maria the heir to the Russian throne, Peter Alekseevich (later Peter II). At that time, the heir was 12 years old, and the Supreme Privy Council was to rule the country under the leadership of the Most Serene Prince. Noble Russian families did not want to obey the upstart. Menshikov's opponents conspired to undermine the influence of the temporary worker on the young tsar. Peter II signed a decree on Menshikov's exile with his family, depriving him of all ranks and orders, the entire huge fortune of Peter I's favorite was confiscated. Menshikov was accused of forcing the tsar to agree to his daughter's betrothal with threats, taking bribes, and appropriating private estates. In the final protocol, the Siberian city of Berezov was designated as the place of exile for the entire Menshikov family. Before leaving the exiles, they took away all their personal belongings, including spare stockings, combs and mirrors. During the mournful journey, Menshikov's wife died. In Berezovo, other exiles rejoiced, seeing Peter in chains, and showered him with abuse. To which the Most Serene Prince replied: “Your reproaches and your reproachful words are just. I deserve it, satisfy yourself, feed yourself at least with this. " Menshikov and his family endured their misfortunes with firmness. With the 500 rubles given to him before exile, Menshikov built a house and a chapel: he himself dug the ground and chopped down logs. His daughters were engaged in the household. The inhabitants of Berezov A. D. Menshikov amazed with his piety, humility and ease of handling. On long winter evenings in Menshikov's house, they read the Bible and listened to curious incidents from the life of the disgraced prince. Alexander Danilovich Menshikov died in the fall of 1729 from a fever, having bequeathed his children not to strive for supreme power. In 1730, Anna Ioannovna allowed Menshikov's children to return to Moscow and returned part of their property to them.

Surikov's painting "The conquest of Siberia by Yermak" depicts the battle of Yermak's troops with Khan Kuchum at the confluence of two rivers - Tobol and Irtysh, which took place in November 1579.

Ermak's Cossacks arrived in the Perm Territory at the invitation of the Stroganovs in 1579 to protect the eastern settlements from the raids of nomads and to develop new places beyond the Urals. The main detachment of the conquerors of Siberia consisted of five thousand Volga Cossacks, led by Yermak Timofeevich. The main enemy of Ermak in this campaign was the Siberian Khan, the heir of the Great Horde, Kuchum. Deciding to attack the Cossacks, Khan Kuchum gathered an almost 15,000-strong army of mercenaries, since the Khan's own combat-ready forces went into a raid on Perm. The local population did not support Kuchum, in the midst of the battle the mercenary army left the khan. Kuchum was defeated and retreated to the steppe. On November 8, 1582, Ataman Ermak Timofeevich occupied Kashlyk, the then capital of the Siberian Khanate. This was not the last battle of the Russian Cossack army with Kuchum and his army. In December 1582, the military leader Mametkul ambushed a Cossack detachment and killed him. And in February, the Cossacks struck back, taking Mametkul prisoner on the Vagai River.

The heroine has a picture "Visit of the princess nunnery" no real prototype. It tells about the tragic fate of the tsar's daughters in Russia.

Russian princesses whiled away their days in the royal chambers as recluses, among mothers-nannies, jokers and old women. According to the strict laws of that time, noble girls, heiresses of power, had no right to marry anyone below the royal family. Noble foreigners were considered heretics, and Russian princesses could only become brides of Christ, nuns. They gave all their rich dowry to the chosen monastery, so the monasteries guarded the royal daughters like a kite prey. It was such a princess that Surikov portrayed in the picture. On her still ruddy face - hopelessness and resignation to fate. The abbess of the monastery is closely watching the guest, who will soon become her novice. The nuns, perhaps also daughters of noble families, look at the elegant guest with sad mockery.

All his life Vasily Surikov recalled one episode. When it was time to study, his mother took him from the village of Sukhoi Buzim to Krasnoyarsk, to the district school.

Little Vasya did not like the strict discipline in the school. And after the first lessons, he packed his knapsack and walked home from Krasnoyarsk to Sukhoi Buzim. The boy managed to move away from the city for the ninth verst when his mother's carriage caught up with him - the woman stayed in the city on business.

Mom was very upset and cried, Vasya also burst into tears. Having calmed down, they agreed that they would not tell their father anything, and that Vasya would return to the school. The boy agreed and was taken back.

Later, the artist and his brother came to this place more than once and believed that a turning point in his life took place here, which determined his future fate. If my mother then took pity on her son and took him home, most likely he would not have become an artist.

Much is known about the life and work of one of the most famous Russian artists. But researchers still find blank spots in his biography.

Portrait of Surikov's mother, painted by him

Sometimes, even from the TV screen, you can hear that Vasily Surikov was born in the village of Sukhobuzimo, where several years ago they began to revive the old Russian fun - "Taking a Snow Town" in memory of the artist's painting of the same name.

However, the artist lived in the village of Sukhoi Buzim (present-day Sukhobuzimo) for only a few years. And he was born in Krasnoyarsk, there are records about this in the registers of births. When the artist's father began to have serious health problems - all men in the Surikov family were predisposed to tuberculosis, he asked to be transferred to serve in the village. And the family moved to Sukhoi Buzim.

It is still not known where the Surikov family originally came from. According to one version, the artist's ancestors came to Siberia with Yermak. According to the historian Gennady Bykonya, it is known for sure that Surikov himself tried to establish where his family came from, and asked his brother to do it.

A year before his death, Surikov claimed that their family was more than 200 years old and came from the Don Cossacks. In 1893 the artist and his daughter Olga came to the Don to collect material for the painting "The Conquest of Siberia by Yermak". And the Don Cossacks recognized him as their own.

"The conquest of Siberia by Yermak"

There is also evidence that the artist's ancestors, Peter and Ilya Surikov, were participants in the Krasnoyarsk riot. Krasnoyarsk was famous for its rebellious spirit. At the end of the 17th century, Krasnoyarsk residents expelled several governors in a row. The last riot ended well for them. Tsar Peter I recognized the demands of the inhabitants as just, appointed a voivode, against whom the townspeople did not object, and put the former voivods on trial. He ordered not to conduct any investigations about the riot.

The artist's father Ivan Vasilyevich, according to some information, was a Cossack centurion, but then left the Cossack service and served as a middle-ranking official in the Yenisei provincial administration. He was married twice.

He had eight children from his second wife, but only three survived. The rest died in infancy. It is believed that the death of young children, which took place in front of Surikov the child, left its mark on the work of the future artist.

A mystery job and a lucky break

It was at the school that he met the drawing teacher Grebnev, who was the first to consider his talent and began to study with him, taking him with him to the open air. This is how Surikov's earliest signed work, the water-color "Rafts on the Yenisei", appeared. Vasily Ivanovich at that time was 14 years old. And the work is a mystery, which researchers still cannot guess - "The Blue Stone on the Yenisei." Trying to determine exactly where this stone is located, a variety of places are called.

Then another interesting and happy event happened in the fate of the artist. By this time, his father had died, his mother, sister and brother returned to Krasnoyarsk. There was nothing to live on, and the woman decided to rent the second floor of the house to the guests.

The first is the master's floor of the Surikov house-museum

The residents turned out to be the daughter of the Governor of Krasnoyarsk Pavel Zamyatin with her husband. Soon, the daughter told her father that the master's son was very good at drawing, and he took him as a teacher for his youngest daughter.

Having discovered that the guy was really talented, Zamyatin asked him for 11 works and sent them to the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts. From there came a response that the young man has the makings, he is worthy to study with them, but tuition is paid. The Surikov family had no money.

Second - the guest floor of the Surikov house-museum

Then the governor gathered merchants and industrialists and invited them to jointly send Surikov to study. This was a common practice in those days. The city had practically no budget, and roads, hospitals and other important facilities were built at the expense of patrons of the arts. The merchants were not delighted with the governor's proposal.

Then the famous gold miner and philanthropist Pyotr Kuznetsov said that he was ready, without any joint efforts, to send the young artist to St. Petersburg at his own expense. Together with Surikov, Kuznetsov sent another capable person, Dmitry Lavrov. Later, Lavrov returned and became an icon painter and priest of the Minusinsk district.

Peter Kuznetsov with his family

Explosion of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and the saved canvas

The road from Krasnoyarsk to St. Petersburg then took three months.

Kuznetsov continued to help the artist during his studies. He bought his first major work, "View of the Monument to Peter the Great on Senate Square." The philanthropist paid 100 rubles for it, it was a lot of money, after the death of their father, the Surikov family lived on 13 rubles a month. Vasily immediately sent 50 rubles home.

"View of the monument to Peter I on Senate Square in St. Petersburg"

Also during his studies, the artist wrote several works on biblical subjects. After the work of Belshazzar's Feast, they talked about Surikov in St. Petersburg for some time. For the painting "The Merciful Samaritan" the artist received a gold medal and presented it to his benefactor Kuznetsov. After graduating from the academy, Surikov was among the best graduates who were offered a large state order - painting paintings for the Cathedral of Christ the Savior.

"Feast of Belshazzar"

To work, Surikov had to move to Moscow. And he painted several paintings about the Ecumenical Councils, which took place since 325. There is another mystery connected with these works. When the Cathedral of Christ the Savior was blown up, all works were destroyed.

And in the twentieth century, after the Great Patriotic War, one of the paintings depicting the fourth Ecumenical Council was discovered in the State Museum of the History of Religion in St. Petersburg. Who, when, under what circumstances took out a four-by-four-meter canvas from the temple is still a mystery.

Fourth Ecumenical Council

For work on the decoration of the temple, Surikov received a huge sum of money - 10,000 rubles.

The time of action, which is depicted in the picture, dates back to 325, when the majority of Christians were Jews, Armenians, Syrians and Greeks. Accordingly, their type of face is very different from the European one. And in order to portray his characters, Surikov went to the bazaar, got acquainted with the Greeks, Armenians and painted from nature.

However, the customers did not like this move, and the artist had to adapt to their requirements in many ways. This was his first and last experience in custom work.

Didn't write to order, didn't teach anyone and only named the price

For the next 40 years of creativity, he did not write a single work to order. This is one of the artist's phenomena. Almost all Russian painters painted to order and this was the only way to live comfortably. Surikov never needed money.

His paintings were bought, and at the price that he exhibited himself.

He sold "The Morning of the Strelets' Execution" for 8,000 rubles, "Boyarynya Morozov" for 15,000, "Suvorov's Crossing the Alps" for 25,000, "The Conquest of Siberia by Ermak" - 40,000 rubles.

Self-portrait against the background of the painting "The Conquest of Siberia by Yermak"

The artist painted a large picture on average from 3 to 5 years. And all this time he lived on the money received from the sale of the previous one. He did not deny himself trips to Siberia, to Europe, gave his children a good education. I painted better canvases and paints from abroad.

He also did not conduct any pedagogical work, although he was invited several times. The artist replied that he had no time and a lot of ideas that he would like to realize. That is why Surikov had no students left.

Although, according to the researchers, his style of painting can be traced in the work of later artists, but this is rather an unconscious influence. Moreover, Surikov did not sell any of his paintings abroad, although they asked him more than once.

Everyone thought that after the death of his wife, he would not create anything.

In St. Petersburg, Surikov met his future wife, a Frenchwoman by her father, Elizabeth Chare. All his life he believed that he was very lucky. Elizabeth was able to create comfortable conditions for his work and gave birth to two daughters - Olga and Elena.

Portrait of Elizabeth Avgustovna Surikova, the artist's wife

But his beloved wife passed away when the girls were still young. And Surikov could not forgive himself for this all his life. After the creation of "Boyarynya Morozova", he decided for the first time to take his wife to Siberia and show his native place. The long journey on horseback and steamers along the rivers in the hot summer had a bad effect on Elizabeth's health, since she had suffered from a heart defect since birth. Returning from Krasnoyarsk, she fell seriously ill and died.

Portrait of O.V. Surikova

For Surikov, this was a blow, he went to the cemetery every day, endlessly ordered memorial services, read the Bible a lot, thought about faith and almost could not write. Colleagues in the shop then decided that the artist would not create anything else.

The artist was saved by his brother. He, who had never left Krasnoyarsk, came to Moscow to console him, took care of his nieces and persuaded him to return to Krasnoyarsk. At home, his brother gave him the idea to paint a picture about the old Pancake week fun "Taking the Snow Town". This work revived Surikov. He took her to exhibitions in Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Paris. The painting is still traveling - it is exhibited in different cities of the world.

"Taking the Snow Town"

Lived at two times and did not like a bloody story

The main secret of the artist's paintings is probably not yet fully unraveled. After all, many wrote the same noblewoman Morozov, Ermak, Suvorov, and we remember them most of all from the paintings of Surikov. One of the clues is that Surikov lived at two times.

The bottom line is that, having lived in St. Petersburg and Moscow, the artist noticed that the people of Krasnoyarsk remind him of Muscovites, but not of his time, but of the 17th century. Arriving from Krasnoyarsk, he realized that he had overcome not only 3,000 miles, but at least 200-300 years. This gave him the mechanism through which he was able to open the door to the past. Therefore, his paintings on a historical theme are so believable.

He himself was from that era. This helped him to look for and see the right models, to paint not people in old costumes, but really characters of that era, which is referred to in the canvases. And now his stay in two times is unique and unrepeatable.

Another curious fact: the historical truth in the artist's paintings gives way to artistic ideas. For example, in the painting The Morning of the Streltsy Execution, Surikov changed the angle of the Kremlin wall, making it less steep so that the wall would run parallel to the detachment of Peter the Great's Preobrazhenes. So, according to the artist's intention, the opposition of the chaos of old Russia to the new orders introduced by Peter is most clearly visible.

"Morning of the Streltsy Execution"

Although Surikov himself never said on whose side he was - the archers going to execution, or the tsar. He was generally far from politics.

And a curious story happened to the picture. It was first exhibited at the Ninth Exhibition of the Itinerants on March 1, 1881. And soon after the opening of the exhibition, news spread about the explosion on the Catherine Canal and the murder of Alexander II. The exhibition was immediately closed.

By the way, in the picture itself, which speaks of the execution, there is no execution. They say that Ilya Repin advised Surikov to add a couple of hanged men to the canvas, and not just empty gallows. Surikov made a sketch, the nanny of his children came in and fainted. And the artist immediately abandoned this idea. He did not like "chernukha" and believed that in Repin's painting "Ivan the Terrible kills his son" there was an incredible amount of blood. He himself will not infect with blood, but only wants people to think about their history.

The pinnacle of the artist's work is considered the painting "Boyarynya Morozova" - a canvas on the theme of the schism in the Russian Orthodox Church, which became an ideological trauma for the Russian people, comparable to the revolution of 1917 and the Civil War. Here Surikov also departs from the historical truth.

"Boyarynya Morozova"

It is known that noblewoman Morozova was carried in a sleigh, tied to a chair. This was the case in the sketches of the picture, but the chair interferes with achieving dynamics, and Surikov sat Morozova right in the sleigh.

Recently, specialists from the Russian Ethnographic Museum analyzed the painting "The Conquest of Siberia by Yermak." From the point of view of ethnography, there is a very rich selection of costumes and details of the era. And we found interesting moments. The peoples that are represented there are mainly of West Siberian origin, and the costumes on them are the Evenks and Nganasans who live on the banks of the Yenisei. Moreover, these suits are for women, but men are wearing them. Apparently, the artist found them brighter and more beautiful.

Faith is a gift and a talent, one who does not have this gift is not to teach

The artist's favorite painting is Menshikov in Berezovo. He spied on the composition by accident. I returned home on a rainy day and saw my wife and children sitting at a table by the window. Sifting through the images, he remembered Alexander Menshikov, exiled under Peter I.

The model with whom the artist painted Menshikov's youngest daughter, the terminally ill Maria, was the artist's wife, who also felt very bad at that time. The picture shows how pale the girl is.

"Menshikov in Berezovo"

The last big work of the artist was the painting "Annunciation". The original is in Krasnoyarsk, in the Art Museum named after V.I. Surikov. Here he is extremely laconic: the Archangel Gabriel stretches out his hands to the Mother of God.

On one of the albums of his drawings, Surikov writes:

“Everything is provided for in the faith of Christ, nothing is left unanswered. What to look for in the so-called philosophy? Faith is a gift, a talent that does not have this gift is difficult to teach. Faith is the highest gift of all earthly gifts. No inventive genius of the earth compares to him. "

"Annunciation"

The last time Vasily Surikov came to Krasnoyarsk was in 1914. He wanted to stay in Siberia, but the war began, his son-in-law Pyotr Konchalovsky was mobilized, and the artist decided to return to his daughter and grandchildren.

In 1915 he went to Crimea to improve his health. Sun exposure has exacerbated a hereditary lung problem. When he returned, he fell seriously ill and died on March 6, 1916.

To date, there is still no complete catalog of Surikov's works. In Soviet times, Vladimir Kemenov tried to create it and included more than 2,000 names in it. But there are not many works that are already known today.

The bronze figure of the artist is exhibited in the house-museum

Now a specialist of the Krasnoyarsk Art Museum. Surikova Tatiana Rezvykh is working on the creation of such a catalog. It already includes historical, everyday paintings, sketches and sketches for them, book illustrations. Until now, little has been said about the fact that Surikov illustrated the works of Pushkin and Lermontov, he also has book graphics. So researchers still have a lot of work to do to study the artist's legacy.

Svetlana Khustik

Photo from the archive of the Krasnoyarsk Museum of Local Lore

The birthplace of Vasily Surikov is the city of Krasnoyarsk. His father, Ivan Vasilievich, served in the Krasnoyarsk district court, and his mother, Praskovya Fedorovna, ran the household. The family belonged to the class of the Yenisei Cossacks, who once came to the harsh Siberian regions from the southern Don. Surikov himself later used to say: "From all sides I am a natural Cossack ... My Cossacks are more than 200 years old."

The family lost a breadwinner in 1859 when the boy was 11 years old. The mother was left with three children: Vasya, Katya and three-year-old Sasha. With the death of his father, material difficulties began. Praskovya Fedorovna was forced to rent out the 2nd floor of their house, built by her husband in the 1830s. This house made of the strongest Siberian larch survived, now it houses the artist's museum.

It is symbolic that the surname "Surikov" coincides with the name of the red-orange or red-yellow paint "red lead". And Vasya began to draw very early. At the age of 6, he managed to copy the portrait of Peter I. The earliest surviving known work of Surikov is the watercolor "Rafts on the Yenisei", which he painted at the age of 14. It is in the Krasnoyarsk Museum of the Artist.

Vasily Surikov. Watercolor "Rafts on the Yenisei". 1862

Art education of Vasily Surikov

The first drawing lessons were given to Vasily by the teacher of the local school. Upon graduation, Surikov would like to continue his art education, but financial problems in the family did not allow. Therefore, Vasily goes to work as a scribe in the provincial administration.

Luckily, his drawings caught the eye of Governor Pavel Zamyatin, who introduced Surikov to the local gold miner and philanthropist Pyotr Kuznetsov. And he offered to pay for Surikov's painting training in St. Petersburg.

Surikov studied with the artist Pyotr Petrovich Chistyakov, a wonderful teacher who raised a whole galaxy of talented Russian painters: Serov, Kramskoy, Repin, Polenov.

The patron saint of young Surikov, Peter Kuznetsov, continues to help him. He acquires his painting "View of the Monument to Peter I on Senate Square in St. Petersburg", which he painted while studying at the Academy. During the summer holidays of 1873, he invites the ward to live in the mines belonging to him in neighboring Krasnoyarsk.

Vasily Surikov. View of the monument to Peter I on Senate Square in St. Petersburg. 1870

Vasily Surikov's creativity

In 1875 Vasily Ivanovich Surikov graduated from the Academy of Arts and began an independent creative life. He performs the first and last work to order - paintings for the Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow. In the future, he independently determines what to write to him.

In 1877, Surikov left St. Petersburg and moved to the capital of the capital. In patriarchal Moscow, Surikov felt in his place. The appearance of the ancient city, the grandiose events that once took place in it, corresponded to its craving for historical subjects. He wrote:

This is how Vasily Surikov's first large-scale painting "The Morning of the Strelets' Execution" appeared. He worked on it for 3 years, and upon completion he joined the Association of the Wanderers.

Vasily Surikov. Morning of the streltsy execution. 1881

Surikov continued to develop historical themes in his works. Although some critics accused the artist of the excessive multi-figuredness of his epic canvases, comparing them to multi-colored carpets, in fact, each of the heroes of his paintings is an individual psychological image. During his creative life, Surikov did not paint so many portraits, but in fact the characters in his historical paintings are just that. He searched for a long time and very carefully selected models for his canvases. So his aunt became the model of the boyar for the painting "Boyarynya Morozova", and for the eldest daughter of Alexander Menshikov Maria, his wife Elizaveta posed for the painting "Menshikov in Berezovo".

Vasily Surikov. Menshikov in Berezovo. 1883

In 1883, the painting "Menshikov in Berezovo" was purchased for his gallery by the outstanding collector Pavel. With the money received from the sale of the painting, Surikov and his family set off on a trip to Europe. Vasily Ivanovich examined the magnificent art collections of the Dresden gallery and the Louvre. Elizaveta Avgustovna was able to improve her health on this trip to European countries with a milder climate ..

Personal life and eminent descendants of Vasily Surikov

Vasily Ivanovich Surikov and Elizaveta Avgustovna Share (1858-1888) were married in 1878. We can say that they were introduced by Surikov's love for music. He saw his future wife in a Catholic church, where he came to listen to the organ. Elizabeth was half French, she was brought up in a French manner and spoke Russian with an accent. The couple had a daughter: Olga (1878-1958) and Elena (1880-1963).

Elizaveta Avgustovna - wife of Vasily Surikov

The happy marriage ended after 10 years of marriage. Elizaveta Avgustovna, in poor health, could not cope with the disease and died in Moscow at the age of 30 after returning from a trip to her husband's homeland.

Vasily Ivanovich was very upset about the departure of his beloved wife and reproached himself for taking her on a journey to harsh Siberia. In those days, the road to Krasnoyarsk took about 1.5–2 months, which turned out to be too difficult for a sickly woman. Surikov turned out to be a monogamous man. He never married again and raised children on his own.

Through the eldest daughter Olga's descendants, the creative power of the artist Vasily Ivanovich Surikov was transferred, which continues to involve talented people from the field of art in her orbit. Olga married the Russian painter Pyotr Petrovich Konchalovsky. Their daughter, Surikov's granddaughter, Natalya Konchalovskaya, is a well-known children's writer, poet and translator. The husband of Natalya Petrovna was the poet Sergei Vladimirovich Mikhalkov. Their sons, Andrei Konchalovsky and Nikita Mikhalkov, became filmmakers. Many members of the extensive Mikhalkov-Konchalovsky dynasty realize themselves in the creative field.

Vasily Ivanovich Surikov died in Moscow on March 19 (new style), 1916 from heart disease. They say that his last words were the phrase: "I disappear." He was buried, as requested, at the Vagankovskoye cemetery next to his unforgettable wife.

Paintings by Vasily Surikov

Vasily Surikov. Taking a snowy town. 1891

Vasily Surikov. Suvorov's crossing over the Alps in 1799. 1899

Vasily Surikov. Stepan Razin. 1906

Vasily Surikov. Visit to the princess nunnery. 1912

Vasily Surikov. Portrait of Olga Surikova's daughter as a child. 1888

Vasily Surikov. Bouquet. 1884

Vasily Surikov. The conquest of Siberia by Yermak. 1895

Vasily Surikov. Winter in Moscow. 1884-1887

Vasily Surikov. Portrait of Princess P. I. Shcherbatova. 1910

- (1848 1916), Russian painter. Studied at the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts (1869 75) under P.P. Chistyakov. Member of the TPHV (since 1881; see Peredvizhniki), the Union of Russian Artists. Already in the years of study, turning to historical painting, Surikov tried to overcome ... Art encyclopedia

- (1848 1916), Russian. artist. Having received an invitation to participate in the illustration of the Sobr. op. L. (1891, Kushnerev), S. chose the "Song about ... the merchant Kalashnikov" and performed ill. "Executioner" (Italian pencil, charcoal; RM); the artist departed from the tradition. Images… … Lermontov Encyclopedia

Russian historical painter. Born into a Cossack family. Studied at the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts (1869 75) under P.P. Chistyakov. Full member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts (1893). Already in the years of study, referring to ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

- (1848 1916) Russian painter. Itinerant. In monumental canvases dedicated to the turning points, tense conflicts of Russian history, the main character showed the masses of the people, rich in bright individuals, full of strong ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Surikov (Vasily Ivanovich), a historical painter and genre painter, was born in 1848, from 1858 to 1861 he studied at the Krasnoyarsk district school, and then served as a clerk in one of the state institutions, amateurishly practicing drawing and painting ... Biographical Dictionary

- (1848 1916), painter. Member of the Association of Wanderers. In monumental canvases dedicated to the turning points, tense conflicts of Russian history, the main character showed the masses of the people, rich in bright individuals, filled with ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Surikov, Vasily Ivanovich- IN AND. Surikov. Boyarynya Morozova. 1887. Tretyakov Gallery. SURIKOV Vasily Ivanovich (1848 1916), Russian painter. Itinerant. In the monumental canvases dedicated to the turning points, tense conflicts in Russian history, the main ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

V.I.Surikov. Boyarynya Morozova. Surikov Vasily Ivanovich (1848, Krasnoyarsk - 1916, Moscow), painter. Studied at the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts (1869-75) under P.P. Chistyakov; full member of the Academy of Arts (1893). From 1877 in ... ... Moscow (encyclopedia)

Historical painter and genre painter; genus. in 1848; from 1858 to 1861 he studied at the Krasnoyarsk district school, and then served as a clerk in one of the state institutions, amateurishly practicing drawing and painting. In 1870 he entered the apprenticeship ... ... Big biographical encyclopedia

Historical painter and genre painter, b. in 1848, from 1858 to 1861 he studied in the Krasnoyarsk district. school, and then served as a clerk in one of the state institutions, amateurishly practicing drawing and painting. In 1870 he entered the apprenticeship ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Books

• Surikov, T.V. Postnikova. Vasily Ivanovich Surikov is one of the greatest painters in the world, an artist-thinker endowed with a powerful talent. In his creations, he showed the history of Russia in its critical and tragic ...
• Russian painting masters. Vasily Ivanovich Surikov,. Richly illustrated edition! Moscow, 1955. State Publishing House of Fine Arts. Original cover. The preservation is good. The publication is ...