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It’s simply incredible - our Olympic team won as many as 11 gold medals in the first two days of the 2018 Youth Games in Buenos Aires! Russia is a confident leader in the unofficial medal standings. Victories were won in such sports as shooting, BMX, swimming, taekwondo, judo and breakdancing.

Dmitry Simonov from Buenos Aires

The first gold of the 2018 YOG for Russia was brought by air rifle shooter Grigory Shamakov. Almost at the same time, Valeria Ovchinnikova and Ilya Beskrovny defeated all their rivals in BMX competitions. This happened on the starting day of the competition, around noon local time (six pm Moscow time), that is, the Games at that time lasted only a few hours. And away we go! Five gold medals on Sunday, six on Monday. Total - 11. Need I explain that no one came even close to our Olympic team. The winners of the two previous Youth Olympics, the Chinese, had two golds after two days, while the closest pursuer, Hungary, had five.

Days earlier, on a convenient charter flight Moscow - Tenerife - Buenos Aires organized by the ROC, we talked with the sports director of the Russian Olympic Committee Andrei Konokotin, and he said that according to estimates, 33 gold medals should be enough for a team victory. Well, if we work according to the current schedule, Russia will win the Games in six days ahead of schedule!

This is, of course, a joke. Still, such medal breakthroughs are always, to a certain extent, a coincidence of circumstances. On some days there are more “our” sports, on others less. Although we can’t exactly talk about sky-high luck. No matter how loud it may sound, there could be even more gold medals (and medals in general) than 11! For example, judoist Abrek Naguchev, the clear favorite of the competition in the weight category up to 66 kg, was content with silver - he made an offensive mistake in a fight with the Azerbaijani athlete Vugar Talibov and after the defeat did not rise from the tatami for a long time, unable to hold back tears of disappointment. But the Youth Games are, first of all, an experience, an opportunity not to repeat mistakes in future adult competitions. However, we still have gold in judo - Irena Khubulova (up to 55 kg), who won the final in just 43 seconds.

The main hit of this Olympics for Russia so far is taekwondo, where our boys and girls take out everyone: two victories in the first two days! What kind of country do we have there - football or hockey? No, guys, we are a taekwondo country! Young Olympic champions Polina Shcherbakova (up to 44 kg), Dmitry Shishko (up to 48 kg), Elizaveta Ryadinskaya (up to 49 kg) and Grigory Popov (up to 55 kg) will confirm this.

It is too premature to sum up the results now, but the first conclusions can be drawn. Firstly, ROC President Stanislav Pozdnyakov was right, who shortly before the start of the Games in Argentina said in an interview: the development of sports in the country allows us to seriously count on success on the world stage, not only at the adult level, but also at the children’s and youth level. Secondly, it is obvious that the professionally structured process of preparing and providing conditions for the Russian Olympic team on the part of the ROC and its partners played a role (the general sponsor is the global energy company Gazprom, the general partners are the Aeroflot airline and the official outfitter ZASPORT , R&D partner - mining and metallurgical company Norilsk Nickel). From conversations with foreign journalists at the Games, it becomes clear that not all national committees treat young men and women as reverently as they treat adult professionals. Finally, for the young athletes themselves, patriotism is not an empty phrase; they themselves say it in interviews. And it’s great that we can hear the Russian anthem again and see our tricolor at award ceremonies.

By the way, the public has a warm attitude towards everything Russian - so far at the Games there has not been a single case of provocation or negativity towards our country or athletes. The attendance at the YOG is also encouraging - queues line up at the arenas, thousands of people come to the Olympic parks, watch the competitions or just walk around, because in addition to the competitions themselves, interesting attractions and entertainment have been created for them.

I already have two golds. And that's just for now

The most anticipated gold medals at the YOG 2018 went to three-time European champion, two-time world record holder and now two-time Olympic champion among youth swimmer Kliment Kolesnikov. On the first day of the Games, he competed in the 4x100 mixed relay. Kliment and his team (Andrei Minakov, Polina Egorova, Elizaveta Klevanovich) did not allow anyone to approach them during the entire swim, although they started in lane eight - the “reserve team” swam in the preliminary rounds. And a day later, our standard-bearer at the Youth Olympics won the 100-meter backstroke. But this is just the beginning. Theoretically, Kolesnikov can leave Argentina with six times - he most likely has two individual disciplines and two relays ahead of him.

“Everything I planned is working out,” Kolesnikov said after the first victorious swim. - I hope this is not the last medal. But you can’t relax, all the opponents are strong. I already made a mistake once - at the recent European Championships, and I don’t want to repeat it.

- How do you like the opening ceremony of the Games?

It was great. It's nice to carry the Russian flag - it's inspiring when you represent the whole country! It’s difficult for me to compare the opening ceremonies of different Olympics - after all, this was my first time participating and not watching from the sidelines.

- What can you say about the atmosphere at the YOG and the conditions in the Olympic village?

The arenas are great. But in the village on the first day there were minor problems with food - huge queues and not enough food. But then the organizers corrected everything. Now there is different food - Italian, Argentinean. But there is no Russian cuisine. We wouldn't mind eating dumplings or pancakes!

- What do you plan to do in Argentina after the swimming tournament is over?

After the competition, I will immediately fly away, and the other swimmers will stay to rest and be able to see Buenos Aires.

Golden transformer from Voronezh

The breakdancing tournament (aka breaking) is the main and coolest feature of the 2018 Youth Games, where in addition to the classics, preserved almost from the times of Ancient Greece, new mutant gaming disciplines are presented, which are more convenient to play in everyday life ( basketball "3 on 3", mini-football, beach handball), and youth sports (street dancing, rock climbing, roller sports).

In a nutshell about the rules. A fight in breaking is called a battle; at the Olympics, two or four (depending on the tournament stage) rounds are held - with a minute-long pause in the middle. The essence of the round is simple - athletes perform a short dance. At the same time, the one who does not dance does not leave the stage and remains part of the show. Next, five judges in each round give victory to one of the participants. Dancers are usually called b-boys (b-boys) and b-girls (b-girls), and they perform not under their usual first and last names, but under a nickname, usually in English. In breaking (as well as, say, in e-sports) this is the norm: nicknames are indicated in the official starting protocols and on the screens when the results of the battle are announced, and are also heard at the award ceremony for medalists. In my opinion, this generally reflects a certain new round in a person’s self-determination in the modern world: you exist under a name that you chose yourself (it seems comfortable to you and corresponds to your inner world), and not under a name that was invented without your participation, when you probably haven't even been born yet.

Finally, the moment has come when, even when awarding Olympic medals, they announce a nickname, that is, a name that a person took for himself and that he loves, and not a name given without your participation
Very cool! Jokes aside pic.twitter.com/84mi00haDN

Dmitry Simonov (@dmitriy_f1re) October 8, 2018

Both Russian dancers - Sergei Bumblebee Chernyshev and Kristina Matina Yashina - were contenders for the highest awards, and the Japanese were considered their main competitors. At the previous major tournament, the Russians took second place, losing to representatives of Japan, but were full of hopes of beating their main competitors at the most important competition of the year. It must be said that both Bumblebee and Matina are strong, well-known athletes in the Russian and world breakdancing community, their videos are easy to find on Youtube. Chernyshov also participated in the popular TV project “Dancing,” but by the decision of the show’s mentors, his path ended at one of the selection stages: Bumblebee did not make it into the final teams and concerts. However, this is not a measure of skill - “Dancing” makes quite specific demands on dancers.

The Olympics turned out differently for Chernyshov and Yashina. Both athletes calmly passed the preliminary stage, but already in the semi-finals Bumblebee faced the Japanese. Matina got the Canadian Emma. It seemed that nothing would stop the Russian from meeting the Japanese in the final. However, the semi-final battle ended in a sensation - the North American won in an approximately equal fight, and a disappointed Christina could not get ready for the bronze medal match, losing to the Korean. Most likely, our girl was just worried.

But Bumblebee (the dancer from Voronezh took his nickname from the hero of the blockbuster "Transformers") made a sensation, surpassing his main competitor in the brightest battle of the day. The victory over the Frenchman Martin in the final was already a matter of technique. The first Olympic gold in history, albeit a youth one, is going to Russia!

“Everything was decided by a battle of views”

After the victory, our champion talked with reporters for almost 20 minutes. Here are some of his answers (read the full interview on the SE website).

- The coolest and most difficult thing you did today was defeating the Japanese in the semi-finals?

For me - yes. Our rivalry with him has been going on for a long time. Here I felt empowered. Russian energy can be clearly felt at the Olympics. You came to represent Russia, the whole country, and not just yourself. This comes with responsibility. And if so, then with an unsuccessful performance you can let down many more people who have pinned their hopes on you. I was very nervous, but, as an optimistic person who looks at life with a smile, I suppressed this excitement. And I realized that I would win against him even before the battle. I came out with a certain intention - that I would win. Here, in fact, everything was decided by a battle of views. I just looked at his eyes and realized that Russia... is, damn it, Russia! Nothing more can be said here. You know, I have never felt such a sense of belonging to my country anywhere before. And this awareness helped me. It is an honor for me to compete for Russia, and I could not disgrace the country in front of him.

- How do you feel about the fact that now breakdancing is not just a dance and a culture, but a sport? It's unusual for many.

I'm positive. Although there are many haters, it is in our culture. Many dancers thought that the culture would change and people would not be able to see a real break. When all this is driven into the framework of sports, everything can break down. But at the helm here are competent people, the founders of the direction as such. They did everything right and beautifully. The fact that breaking comes to sports is only for the better, because it not only does not lose, but also acquires a sports component. I've always loved the sporty approach. For example, a judge in a regular battle points with his hand at the one who won. And then the protocol appears, and the judge can explain why he voted for one or the other. Responsibility is imposed on the judges, on the athletes, and naturally, this brought the break to another level.

- Who do you want to dedicate your victory to?

To my father. And dedicated it. He is here. And I haven’t watched my performance since the semi-finals, because I need strong nerves, which we don’t have. And when he came up afterwards, I told him: “This is for you.” He's mine... how can I say this. First of all, he is not my father, but my friend, coach, and then my father. Three in one for me. We still need to look for such relationships... The education that he gave me throughout my life, including in the break, cannot be replaced by anything. He himself is one of the founders of breaking in Voronezh, where I’m from. In 1998 - 2000, he himself studied, danced, and had more than 200 students. I'm one of them.

I dedicate the victory to him. To mom. To all my friends and relatives who watched all this in Russia. My Instagram and WhatsApp direct messages are already torn apart, everything is going on. I don’t realize it yet, but I really want to get in touch with everyone. Hear "congratulations." And I really want to go back. The atmosphere here is great, everything is very cool, but I don’t like to stay in a foreign country for too long, no matter what it is, and I’ve traveled a lot. But he longs to go home. Homeland... You miss the people a lot. THANK YOU SO MUCH (speaks loudly into the recorder. - Note "SE"). Your support was the most important to me today!

- The most anticipated question. So why Bumblebee?

When the first Transformers movie came out, I just really loved this character, Bumblebee. I somehow saw myself in him. He's such a badass. I also have a lot of spontaneity in my life. Sometimes it bothers me. I don’t like planned strong actions, although sometimes you can’t do without it. But to plan everything - no, this is not about me. Although recently I have learned to turn this into my advantage. Both in breaking and in life. I'm all about freestyle.

Buenos Aires, Argentina). Youth Olympic Games. Judo. Girls. Up to 53 kg.1. KHUBULOVA. 2. Lkhagvasuren (Mongolia). 3. Acosta Batte (Cuba) and Ermagambetova (Uzbekistan).
Swimming. Young men. Back. 100 m.1. KOLESNIKOV. 2. Martin (Romania). Ceccona (Italy).Girls. Back. 100 m.1. VASKINA. 2. McKeon (Australia). 3. White (USA). 4x100m medley relay 1. China. 2. Australia. 3. RUSSIA (Vaskina, Makarova, Egorova, Klevanovich).
Taekwondo. Young men. Up to 55 kg.1. POPOV. 2. Kang Min Kim (Korea). 3. Karim (Jordan) and Amadou (Niger).Girls. Up to 49 kg.1. RYADNINSKAYA. 2. Golden (USA). Cao Zihan (China) and Ye Chi Li (Korea).
Brakedance. Young men. 1.CHERNYSHEV. 2. Martin (France).
​ Shooting. Air gun. 10 m. Girls.1. Bhaker (India). 2. ENINA. 3. Gkhutsiberedze (Georgia).

They take (begin) their history from 776. BC. They were held in honor of the conclusion of a truce between Hellas and Sparta. Competitions were held in different places in Greece - in Olympia (Olympic Games), in Delphi (Pythian Games), etc.

The ancient Olympic Games were held until 394. BC. in total there were 293 of them. The games were held in Olympia on the banks of the Alpheus River.

Only free-born Greeks could participate in the Olympic Games. Slaves and women, as well as barbarians (foreigners) were not allowed to participate in competitions. The name of the winners was engraved on a marble column. The first winner, Korab from Hellas, is a cook.

The modern Summer Olympic Games arose at the end of the 19th century. In 1894, 1500 years after the ban, at the suggestion of the Frenchman Pierre de Coubertin;

(1863 - 1937), which convened the International Sports Congress, the International Olympic Committee was created, whose president was Coubertin (1895 - 1925). At the congress, the text of the oath of the Olympic Charter was approved. The motto of the Olympic Games is “Faster, higher, stronger.” The emblem of the games is 5 intertwined rings - the unity of continents.

In 1914 In Paris, in honor of the twentieth anniversary of the games, the Olympic flag was raised for the first time.

At the first games there were 13 countries competing in 9 sports. There were already 20 countries and 18 sports at the II Games.

Russian athletes first took part in the Games (IV) in London in 1908. In total there were 5 people in the delegation. Three won medals. Panin is gold. figure skating, wrestlers Orlov, Petrov - silver.

Soviet athletes first took part in the games in 1952.

Principles, rules and regulations of the Olympic Games

The principles, rules and regulations of the Olympic Games are determined by the Olympic Charter, the foundations of which were approved by the International Sports Congress in Paris in 1894, which, at the suggestion of the French educator and public figure Pierre de Coubertin, decided to organize the Games on the model of the ancient ones and to create the International Olympic Committee (IOC). According to the charter, the Olympic Games “... unite amateur athletes from all countries in fair and equal competition. There shall be no discrimination against countries or individuals on racial, religious or political grounds...” The Games are held in the first year of the 4-year (Olympic) cycle. The Olympiads have been counted since 1896, when the first Olympic Games took place (I Olympiad - 1896-99). The Summer Olympics also receives its number in cases where the games are not held (for example, VI - in 1916-19, XII - 1940-43, XIII - 1944-47). In the numbering of the Winter Olympics, missed games are not taken into account (the IV Games of 1936 were followed by the V Games of 1948). The symbol of the Olympic Games is five fastened rings, symbolizing the unification of the five parts of the world in the Olympic movement, the so-called. Olympic rings. The color of the rings in the top row is blue for Europe, black for Africa, red for America, in the bottom row - yellow for Asia, green for Australia. In addition to Olympic sports, the organizing committee has the right to choose to include in the program exhibition competitions in 1-2 sports that are not recognized by the IOC. In the same year as the Olympics, the Winter Olympic Games have been held since 1924, which have their own numbering. Since 1994, the dates of the Winter Olympic Games have been shifted by 2 years relative to the summer ones. The location of the Olympics is chosen by the IOC; the right to organize them is granted to the city, not the country. The duration of the Games is on average 16-18 days. Taking into account the climatic characteristics of different countries, the Summer Games can be held not only in the “summer months”. Thus, the XXVII Summer Olympic Games in 2000 in Sydney (Australia), due to Australia’s location in the Southern Hemisphere, where summer begins in winter, were held in September, that is, in the spring. The Olympic movement has its own emblem and flag, approved by the IOC at the suggestion of Coubertin in 1913. The emblem is the Olympic rings. The motto is Citius, Altius, Fortius (Latin for “faster, higher, stronger”). The flag is a white cloth with the Olympic rings, and has been flown at all Games since 1920. Among the traditional rituals of the Games (in the order in which they are held):

Grandiose and colorful opening and closing ceremonies of the Games. From year to year, the best of the best from all over the world are involved in developing the scripts for these spectacles: screenwriters, organizers of mass shows, special effects specialists, etc. Many famous singers, actors and other important people strive to take part in this spectacle. Broadcasts of these events break records of viewership every time. Each country organizing the Olympics strives to surpass all previous ones in the scope and beauty of these ceremonies. Ceremony scripts are kept in the strictest confidence until they begin. The ceremonies take place in central stadiums with large capacity, in the same place where athletics competitions are held.

The opening and closing begins with a theatrical performance, which should present to the audience the appearance of the country and city, and introduce them to their history and culture.

The ceremonial passage of athletes and members of delegations through the central stadium. Athletes from each country go in a separate group. Traditionally, the delegation of athletes from Greece, the parent country of the Games, goes first. Other groups are in order corresponding to the alphabetical order of the names of countries in the language of the host country of the Games. (Or in the official IOC language - French or English). At the front of each group is a representative of the host country, carrying a sign with the name of the respective country in the language of the host country of the Games and in the official languages ​​of the IOC. Behind him at the head of the group is a standard bearer - usually an athlete participating in the games, carrying the flag of his country. The right to carry the flag is highly honorable for athletes. As a rule, this right is trusted to the most titled and respected athletes.

Delivery of welcoming speeches by the IOC President (mandatory), the head or official representative of the state in which the Games are taking place, sometimes the mayor of the city or the Chairman of the Organizing Committee. The latter, at the end of the speech, must utter the words: “(serial number of games) Summer (Winter) Olympic Games I declare open.” After which, as a rule, a gun salvo and many volleys of fireworks and fireworks are fired.

Raising the flag of Greece as the parent country of the Games with the performance of its national anthem.

Raising the flag of the host country of the Games with the performance of its national anthem.

The pronouncement by one of the outstanding athletes of the country in which the Olympics are taking place, the Olympic oath on behalf of all participants in the games about fair fight in accordance with the rules and principles of sport and the Olympic spirit (in recent years, words have also been uttered about the non-use of prohibited drugs - doping);

An oath of impartial judging by several judges on behalf of all judges;

Raising the Olympic flag with the performance of the official Olympic anthem.

Sometimes - raising the flag of Peace (a blue cloth depicting a white dove holding an olive branch in its beak - two traditional symbols of Peace), symbolizing the tradition of stopping all armed conflicts during the Games.

The opening ceremony culminates with the lighting of the Olympic flame. The fire is lit from the sun's rays in Olympia (Greece) in the Temple of the pagan Greek god Apollo (in Ancient Greece, Apollo was considered the patron saint of the Games). The “High Priestess” of Hera says a prayer with the following content: “Apollo, god of the sun and the idea of ​​light, send your rays and light the sacred torch for the hospitable city ... (name of the city).” “The Olympic torch relay took place all over the world until 2007. Now, for the purposes of the anti-terrorism campaign, the torch is carried only in the country in which the games are taking place. From country to country, the torch is delivered by plane, and in each country an athlete or other figure from that country runs his part relay race to pass the flame on. The relay arouses great interest in all countries through which the path of the Olympic flame lies. Carrying the torch is considered a great honor. The first part of the relay passes through the cities of Greece. The last part through the cities of the host country of the Games. On the opening day of the Games, the torch is delivered to the host city. Athletes of this country deliver the torch to the central stadium at the very end of the ceremony. At the stadium, the torch is carried around the circle several times, passing from hand to hand, until it is given to the athlete who is entrusted with the right to light the Olympic flame. This right is the most honorable The fire is lit in a special bowl, the design of which is unique for each Olympics. Also, the organizers always try to come up with an original and interesting way of lighting. The bowl is located high above the stadium. The fire must burn throughout the Olympics and is extinguished at the end of the closing ceremony.

Presentation of medals to the winners and prize-winners of the competition on a special podium with the raising of national flags and the playing of the national anthem in honor of the winners.

During the closing ceremony there are also: a theatrical performance - farewell to the Olympics, the passage of participants, a speech by the IOC President and a representative of the host country. However, the closure of the Olympics is already announced by the IOC President. This is followed by the singing of the national anthem, the Olympic anthem, while the flags are lowered. A representative of the host country solemnly hands over the Olympic flag to the IOC President, who in turn hands it over to a representative of the Organizing Committee of the next Olympiad. This is followed by a short introduction to the next city hosting the Games. At the end of the ceremony, the Olympic flame slowly goes out to lyrical music.

Since 1932, the host city has been building an “Olympic village” - a complex of residential premises for the participants of the games.

The organizers of the Games are developing the symbols of the Olympics - the official emblem and mascot of the Games. The emblem usually has a unique design, stylized according to the characteristics of the country. The emblem and mascot of the Games are an integral part of the souvenir products produced in large quantities on the eve of the Games. Revenue from sales of souvenirs can make up a significant part of the income from the Olympics, but they do not always cover expenses.

According to the charter, the Games are a competition between individual athletes and not between national teams. However, since 1908 the so-called unofficial team standings - determining the place occupied by teams based on the number of medals received and points scored in competitions (points are awarded for the first 6 places according to the system: 1st place - 7 points, 2nd - 5, 3rd - 4, 4 -e - 3, 5th - 2, 6th - 1). The title of Olympic champion is the most honorable and coveted title in the career of an athlete in those sports in which Olympic tournaments are held. See Olympic sports. The exceptions are football, baseball, and other team sports that take place in open areas, since either youth teams (football - up to 23 years old) take part in them, or due to the busy game schedule, not the strongest players come.

Select city

Two cities competed to host the 1928 Summer Olympics: Amsterdam and Los Angeles. Preference was given to the capital of the Netherlands. 14 IOC members voted for this decision, with four against and one abstention. A series of subsequent discussions and repeated votes did not change the results of the first vote. Los Angeles held .

Preparation for the Games

The 1928 Olympic Games were the first to be held without Pierre de Coubertin as IOC president. In 1925, the 62-year-old founder of the Olympic movement announced his retirement for health reasons. Before leaving, Coubertin, partly disillusioned with the Olympic movement, published a “sports testament”, in which he once again outlined his concept regarding the essence of sport: “Professionalism, that’s the enemy!” His “testament” ended with the following optimistic conclusion: “Despite some disappointments, which in an instant destroyed my best hopes, I believe in the peace-loving and moral qualities of sport.”

A tradition arose in Amsterdam, which was never broken later: during the Games, a fire was lit in Olympia from the sun using a mirror. The runners carried it to Amsterdam, passing it to each other like a relay race. They crossed Greece, Yugoslavia, Austria, Germany and the Netherlands.

Starting from this Olympics, sponsorship cooperation between the IOC and the famous Coca-Cola concern began.

A stall selling Coca-Cola at the 1928 Olympics in Amsterdam

Symbolism

Posters for the IX Summer Olympic Games were designed by artist Joseph Rovers.

Two of them are considered the main ones. One shows a marathon runner holding a laurel branch, a symbol of victory and the Olympic spirit. The three wavy lines at the bottom of the poster - red, white and blue - symbolize the national flag of the Netherlands.

In another, an athlete runs through the stadium, while the Olympic flag with five rings flutters in the distance.

Participating countries

After a 16-year break, German athletes were allowed to participate in the Games. Athletes from Malta, Panama and Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) took part in the Olympics for the first time. The USSR national team did not take part in the 1928 Games.

All countries participating in the 1928 Summer Olympics: Australia, Austria, Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria, Great Britain, Hungary, Germany, Greece, Haiti, Denmark, Egypt, India, Ireland, Spain, Italy, Canada, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes , Cuba, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Panama, Poland, Portugal, Rhodesia, Romania, USA, Turkey, Uruguay, Philippines, Finland, France, Czechoslovakia, Chile, Sweden, Switzerland, Estonia, South Africa, Japan.

A total of 2,883 athletes from 46 countries took part in the Games.

Athletes from the USA won with a clear advantage. But at the same time, the Americans won medals in only 9 sports out of 20, while the athletes of the German team, which was second in the overall standings, achieved success in 16 sports.

The opening ceremony

Traditionally, the Olympic Games were to be opened by the head of state. However, Queen Wilhemina of the Netherlands, a true Christian, resolutely refused to take part in the ceremony, because she considered the Olympics to be “pagan games.” The games were opened by her husband, Prince Hendrik of Orange. The Queen was not present at the Olympic events at all.

Amsterdam Olympic Stadium. Opening ceremony of the 1928 Games

At the opening ceremony, a traditional parade of athletes took place, and Harry Denis, a Dutch football player, pronounced the Olympic oath on behalf of the athletes.

The Estonian national team before the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games on July 28, 1928

Team Denmark at the opening ceremony of the Games

Team Great Britain at the parade of participating countries

Cars parked near the Olympic Stadium

Olympic medical staff

Press box at the IX Summer Olympic Games in Amsterdam

The head of the security service with a collection of photographic equipment confiscated from visitors. Photography was permitted only to accredited photographers

Before the opening ceremony, competitions in hockey (May 17-26) and football (May 27-June 15) were held. Therefore, the official start date of the Games is May 17.

Scandals of the IX Summer Olympic Games

On the eve of the opening of the Games, French athletes, led by the Secretary General of the French Athletics Federation, Paul Mericamp, went to the Amsterdam stadium to familiarize themselves with the venue of the competition. The guard tried to keep the French out, although a few minutes earlier German athletes had entered the stadium.

During the ensuing argument, Paul Mericamp pushed the watchman, who responded by hitting the Frenchman in the face with a bunch of keys. The athletes beat the guard. As a result, we spent several hours in the police station.

The next day the same watchman again refused to let the French into the stadium. The French team regarded what was happening as a provocation. To resolve the situation, the intervention of the Dutch Foreign Ministry was required. After which the organizing committee of the Games made an official apology to the French team.

Sports represented
Biathlon
Bobsled
Skiing
Skating
Nordic combined
Ski race
Ski jumping
Luge
Figure skating
Hockey

Innsbruck was well prepared for the 1964 Winter Olympics. New sports facilities were built and existing sports facilities were reconstructed. However, the thaw sharply complicated the competition situation. Special services had to move 15,000 cubic meters of snow from the hollows to the toboggan, bobsleigh and ski slopes.

Even due to weather disasters, Olympic Games in Innsbruck were carried out at a very high level. The Olympics turned out to be a record-breaking event both in terms of the number of participants and the breadth of the program. 1,111 athletes, including 197 women, representing 37 countries, 36 teams - the GDR and the FRG were represented by a joint team, competed for awards in 34 types of competitions in 7 sports. Intense sports competition brought victories to representatives of various countries.

In alpine skiing, the Olympians of Austria and France were stronger than others. Sisters Christina and Marielle Goichel competed on the French ski team. Christina won the gold medal in slalom, and Mariel won the silver medal. In the giant slalom, the sisters swapped places.

In men's cross-country skiing, as usual, representatives of the northern countries had an advantage. In women's cross-country skiing, all three gold medals went to USSR athletes.

In men's speed skating, representatives from different countries won each of the four events. However, the women's speed skating competition brought a real sensation: 9 out of 12 medals awarded were won by USSR athletes. All 4 gold medals became the property of the outstanding athlete of the USSR and the world Lydia Skoblikova. She set three Olympic records at the Innsbruck Olympics. No one in the world has been able to achieve such a result. The world press enthusiastically welcomed Skoblikova's success. The Austrian newspaper Bild, analyzing the reasons for her success, noted: “It combines strength, technique and subtle harmony in movements, which in itself is an art that allows one to achieve such outstanding achievements.” The American magazine Sports Illustrated called Skoblikova “the best speed skater the world has ever known.”

The pairs skating competition also ended with a sensation. No one doubted the victory of the German athletes Kilius and Boimler. They confidently defeated their opponents at major international tournaments. But they won, becoming the first USSR athletes to become Olympic champions in figure skating.

Despite strong objections due to the high risk of injury, luge was included in the competition program. The first two places in the united German team were taken by athletes from the GDR, marking the beginning of a series of victories in this sport.

The USSR hockey team performed confidently, managing to defeat all its opponents. In 8 meetings, the players of the USSR national team scored 73 goals and conceded only 11 goals.

The victory in the team event was won by the athletes of the USSR national team with 162 points and 25 medals - 11 gold, 8 silver, 6 bronze. The second place was taken by the successfully performing Norwegian team, gaining 89.5 points and winning 15 medals - 3 gold, 6 silver, 6 bronze. Austrian athletes were third, receiving 79 points and 12 medals - 4 gold, 5 silver, 3 bronze.

In Moscow, in response to the entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan; his position was supported by 64 countries. And this is not the first time that the Olympics have been a platform for the expression of political orientations.

Paris, 1924

Germany and its allies in the First World War, including Soviet Russia, which was subject to a political boycott in the West, were not invited to the 1920 Olympics, which was held in Antwerp, Belgium.

Four years later, the Soviet Union refused to go to the Olympics, although the Supreme Council of Physical Culture under the Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR received an official invitation from France. There were two reasons for such a gesture. Firstly, the USSR thus supported Germany, which was still not invited to the Olympics, commemorating the First World War. Secondly, the charter of the Red Sport International, of which the Soviet Union was a member, obliged its members to fight bourgeois sports organizations, and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) was first on this list. The USSR boycotted the Olympic competitions, holding proletarian Spartakiads instead, until 1952.
How the Olympics were boycotted

Berlin, 1936

The prospect of holding the XI Summer Olympic Games in Nazi Germany did not please the countries that planned to take part in them. At a conference in defense of the Olympic Ideas, which took place in Paris in June 1936, all “men of good will and friends of the Olympic Ideas” were called upon to boycott the games in the Third Reich. Instead, it was proposed to hold the People's Olympics in Barcelona. This should have been achieved by the Council of Struggle for the postponement of the Olympics from Berlin. At the same time, the IOC sent experts to Berlin who did not notice anything in the capital of Nazi Germany that contradicted the Olympic principles.

As a result, Hitler solemnly opened the Games on July 19, but it was not possible to hold the People's Olympics in Barcelona in parallel - in the same month, the Francoists rebelled against the Republican government of Spain.

The athletes had to compete under the swastika flags that covered Berlin. The Swiss Paul Martin, who was married to a Jewish woman, was excluded from the participants.

The Nazis carefully studied the American and European teams for the purity of Aryan blood, thinking ahead of time about the generation of “children of the Olympics.” Despite this, the triumph of racist ideology did not come out of the games - ten African Americans took six gold, three silver and two bronze medals, and black sprinter Jesse Owens was recognized as the best athlete of the Olympics.

Only after World War II did the IOC publicly admit that its decision not to change the venue of the 1936 Olympics was wrong.
How the Olympics were boycotted

Melbourne, 1956

Among the countries that boycotted the 1956 Summer Olympics (held in November - December), three groups stand out. For the first - Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon and Cambodia - the demarche was a reaction to the Suez crisis and the aggression of France, Great Britain and Israel towards Egypt.

The second - Spain, Switzerland and the Netherlands - did not go to the Games in protest against the Soviet suppression of the uprising in Hungary a month earlier. The Hungarian athletes themselves, dissatisfied with the new pro-Soviet government, refused to compete under the flag of the Hungarian People's Republic and appeared at the Olympics under the 1918 Hungarian flag. Some of them did not return to their homeland after the completion of the competition.

The People's Republic of China also had a separate reason for boycotting the Olympics, which protested against the invitation of the Taiwanese team as an independent state.
How the Olympics were boycotted

Tokyo, 1964

South Africa was denied an invitation to the capital of Japan in 1964 because of the apartheid policy pursued by the country's leadership and the life sentence of the future first black president, Nelson Mandela. South Africa was able to return to the sports community only in 1992.

Meanwhile, Asia was developing its own drama: in 1962, the IV Asian Games were held in Jakarta, to which the teams of Israel and Taiwan were not allowed (they were denied visas). The IOC stripped the Indonesian Olympic Committee of its powers due to racial discrimination in that country, and in retaliation it announced that it would hold its own Games for the New Emerging Forces (GANEFO). In 1963, 50 countries took part in the first competition. Then the IOC banned GANEFO participants from competing at the Olympics. Therefore, Indonesia decided to boycott the Games, and the DPRK supported it.
How the Olympics were boycotted

Montreal, 1976

The Olympic Games in Montreal were boycotted by 26 African countries, which failed to obtain a ban on participation in the games for New Zealand, which participated in rugby competitions in South Africa, despite sanctions imposed against that country. The IOC justified itself by saying that rugby is not part of the Olympic program. Iraq and Guyana joined the protest of African countries.

The Taiwanese team did not go to Montreal because Canada did not want to recognize the island's independence. In 1975, Canada threatened to exclude Taiwanese athletes who intended to compete under the flag of the partially recognized Republic of China from the Olympics, despite the IOC recognizing its National Olympic Committee. According to one version, Canada made this decision under pressure from Beijing, since China was the country's largest trading partner.

The IOC threatened to ban the Olympics in Montreal, then Canada invited Taiwan to use its flag and anthem, but refused to recognize the Republic of China as an independent state, so the Taiwanese delegation did not go to Montreal. The PRC, in turn, did not take part in the Games in protest against the fact that the IOC recognized Taiwan as an independent state.
How the Olympics were boycotted

Moscow, 1980

Following the United States, all NATO member countries and some allies of the United States and Great Britain spoke out against the entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan. In addition to the 64 states that officially declared their intention to boycott the Olympics, another 16 limited themselves to not recommending that their athletes take part in it.

The national teams of Australia, Holland, Italy, France, Great Britain and some other countries competed not under state flags, but under the flag of the IOC. In the event of their victory, not the national anthem, but the Olympic anthem was played.
How the Olympics were boycotted

Los Angeles, 1984

At the next Olympic Games, the socialist countries accused the United States of “fanning anti-Soviet hysteria” and almost completely boycotted Los Angeles. The only exceptions were Yugoslavia and China, which took part in the Olympics for the first time. Romanian athletes competed at the Games privately.

“With the direct connivance of the American authorities, various kinds of extremist organizations and groups have sharply intensified, openly setting as their goal the creation of “unbearable conditions” for the stay of the USSR delegation and the performances of Soviet athletes. Political demonstrations hostile to the USSR are being prepared; overt threats of physical violence are being made against the USSR NOC, Soviet athletes and officials. The leaders of anti-Soviet, anti-socialist organizations are received by representatives of the US administration, their activities are widely advertised by the media. To justify this campaign, the US authorities and the Olympic organizers make constant references to various kinds of legislative acts,” read the statement of the USSR National Olympic Committee on May 8, 1984.

In addition to the countries of victorious socialism, the Games were boycotted by Libya and Iran, dissatisfied with Israel's participation in them.
How the Olympics were boycotted

Seoul, 1988

This time the boycott was initiated by North Korea, which wanted to hold part of the competition on its territory, but did not receive IOC approval. Then the DPRK completely refused to participate in the Games, in which it was supported by Cuba, Nicaragua and Ethiopia. Teams from Albania, Seychelles and Madagascar did not come to Seoul, but these countries did not declare an official boycott. The socialist states did not support North Korea, since the USSR did not dare to miss two Olympics in a row.
How the Olympics were boycotted

Sochi, 2014

The idea to boycott the Olympics first appeared in 2008 during the Russian-Georgian war. Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili called on the international community to do this. At the same time, American newspapers called for an American-European boycott of the Winter Olympics.

Last summer, when many had forgotten about the conflict of 08.08.08, the world community reacted painfully to the adoption by the State Duma of a law banning the propaganda of homosexuality. One of the first to call for a boycott of the Sochi Olympics was the British actor, writer, playwright and openly gay Stephen Fry. “In the overall interests of the humanity proclaimed by the Olympic movement, the IOC is obliged to say a firm no to the barbaric, fascist law adopted by the Duma at the instigation of Putin,” Fry wrote in his blog. He compared the actions of the Russian authorities towards gays with the discriminatory policies of the Third Reich towards Jews and expressed fears that gay athletes could be in danger in Russia. Fry's position was shared by his compatriot, actor Rupert Everett.